Distribution of non-metallic minerals and energy resources
Prologue:
Last article is about metallic resources only as time was less for whole topic. Sources dont allow me to gather much information on non-metallic distribution, please update whenever you find relevant information.
Non-Metallic resources minerals
* Mica
Features:
* mainly used in electric industry
* great insulating property
* can withstand high voltage
* low power loss factor
* can be split into very thin sheets which are tough and flexible
Formation/occurence:
* obtained from muscovite, biotic and phlogopite ores.
* occurs inigneous,metamorphicandsedimentaryregimes
* typically mined fromgraniticpegmatites.
Distribution:
CountriesLocation
ChinaLiaoning
RussiaSakha, Buryatia, Petrozavodsk
FinlandNorthern Karelia
UsNew Hamsphire, Connecticut, Maine
CanadaOntario
Other countries : Spain, France, South Korea.
* Limestone:
Features:
* Aggregate of calcium carbonate, carbonate of calcium and magnesium of a mixture of two.
* contain small quantity of silica, alumina, iron-oxides, phosphorus and sulphur.
* used in cement, iron-steel, chemical industries and as building material
* limestone with high silicon content preferred in cement industry
Occurence/Formation:
* Limestone deposits are of sedimentary origin
* exists almost in all geological formation from Pre-Cambrian to recent except Gondwana
* Many limestones are composed from skeletal fragments of marine organisms such ascoral.
CountryLocation
China In all states except Sanghai
USAIndiana: major source of limestone
FinlandKainuu, Southern Ostrobothnia, Central Finland, Tavastia proper, Kymen Laakso, South Savonia, Northern Karelia
Other countries : Sweden, Ireland, Mexico.
* Diamond:
Features:
* known for its brilliance, luster, transparency and hardness.
* highest hardness and thermal conductivity; have high optical dispersion; chemically stable;
* used as cutting and polishing tools; precious stone, used in jewelry
CountryLocations
South AfricaBaken mines (along Orange river), Cullinan mines (gauteng), Finsch mines (Northern Cape), Koffiefontein mines (Free State), Venetia mines (Largest - in Limpopo)
RussiaMir mines (in Eastern Siberia), Udachny mines, Jubilee mines, Aikhal mines, Komsomolskaya mines, Zarnitsa mines ( all in sakha)
AustraliaArgyle mines (East Kimberley), Merlin mines (Northern Territory), Ellendale mines (Western Australia)
CanadaNorthern Territory : Daivik mines, Ekati mines, Jericho mines, Sanp Lake mines, Gahcho Kue minesOntario: Victor mines
BotswanaJwaneng mines (Kweneng), Damtshaa mines, Latehakane mines , Orapa mines, Karowe mines (all in Central Botswan)
AngolaCatoca mines (Lunda Sul), Facuma mines (Lunda Norte), Luarica mines (Luanda)
BrazilAmazons, Mato Groso, Para, Roraima, Maranhao, Bahia, Mina Gerais, Parana
NambiaNamdeb, Afri-Can Marine-along coastline of Atlantic Ocean
GhanaWestern Ghana, Central Ghana, Eastern Ghana , Greater Accra
Distribution of Energy Resources
Conventional Energy Resources:
* Coal
Types :
1. Peat :
* contains highest percentage of moisture
* give more smoke
* has less tahn 40% of carbon
* inferior quality
* represents first stage of coal formation
2. Lignite (brown coal):
* superior to peat coal
* under increasing pressure and heat : Peat -> Lignite
* contains 40-60% of carbon
3. Bituminous (black-coal):
* When coal is buried very deep, moisture gets expelled. Increased temperature = Bituminous coal.
* Dense, compact and black in color
* Traces of original vegetation (from which it has been formed) found in it
* 60-80% of carbon
* most popular in commercial use
* used in making coking coal (mainly used in iron and steel industry), gas coal, steam coal
4. Anthracite (Hard coal) :
* highest quality of coal
* 80-90% carbon
* very little volatile matter and insignificant proportion of moisture
* short blue color
* more expensive
Features:
* Used in generation of thermal energy and smelting of iron ore
* used as raw material in chemical and fertilizer industries
* used as fuel
CountryLocation
South AfricaLimpopo - Northern Transvaal; Mpumalanga- Waterberg coalfield, Highveld coalfield, Witbank coalfield, Ermelo coalfield; Kwazula Natal - Ultrecht coalfield, Klip River coalfield
ChinaHeilongjiang, Jilin, Inner Mongolia, Liaoning, Shanxi, Shandong, Henan, Hebei, Jiangsu, Anhui, Jiangxi
USPennsyluania, West Virginia, Kentucky, Colorado, Wyoming, Raton Basin, Harrisburg coal field, Southern Illinocs coal field, Appalachian Mountain, Montana
GermanyBergwerk Ibbenburen, in Ibbenburen; Zeche Auguste Viktoria, in Marl; Bergwerk Prosper-Haniel, Bottrop: Bergwerk West , Kamp Lintfort; Bergwerk Saar, Saarlouis
AustraliaBowen Basin in Queensland , Hunter region in New South Wales, Latrobe valley in Victoria
RussiaFar eastern - Chukotka, Magadan, Sakha, Amur; Siberian - Zakaykalsky Krai, Tuva, Altai, Kemerovo; Northwestern - Nenetsia; Central - Tver, Kostroma
CanadaBritish Columbia, Aberta, Saskatchewan, New Brunswick, Prince Edward, Nova Scotia
Other countries : Venezuela, Brazil, Mongolia, UK, France, Zimbawe
* Petroleum:
Features:
* Fuel resource; provide lubricants and raw material for chemical industries
* Its products: kerosene, diesel, petrol, aviation fuel, synthetic rubber, synthetic fiber, thermoplastic resins, benzene-methansol, polystertene, acrylates, detergents, aromatics, gasoline, carbon black, dyes, colors, food-colors, pigments, explosives, printing ink, film photography, greases, cosmetics, paints, lubricant oils, parafiin and wax.
Occurence/Formation:
* consists of hydrocarbons of liquid and gaseous states
* mainly obtained from sedimentary rocks of marine origin
* Living organisms and vegetal matter got buried under sediments of mud, silt and sand, etc -- due to pressure and heat - undergoes chemical changes -- form crude oil and natural gas.
CountryLocation
Saudi ArabiaNorthern Borders, Eastern province, Persian Gulf
IraqDahuk, As Sulaymaniyah, Al Bas Rah
IranAzarba Yjan-E Khavari, Kermanshah, Llam, Khuzestan, Bushehr
RussiaNorthwestern, Urals, Southern
NorwayNorweigien Sea, North Sea
CanadaAlberta, Saskatchewan, offshore areas of Newfoundland
VenezuelaFalcon, Zulia, Sucre, Gaurico, Trujillo, Barinas, Anzoategui
Other countries : UAE, US, Russia, Algeria, Libya, China, Mexico, Kuwait
* Natural Gas:
Features:
* used for heating ,cooking, energy generation
* used as fuel for vehicles
* also used as chemical feedstock in the manufacture of plastics and other commercially important organic chemicals.
Foramtion/Occurence:
* naturally occurringhydrocarbongasmixture
* consisting primarily ofmethane, but commonly includes varying amounts of other higheralkanesand even a lesser percentage ofcarbon dioxide,nitrogen, andhydrogen sulfide.
* found in deep underground rock formations or associated with other hydrocarbon reservoirs incoal bedsand asmethane clathrates
CountryLocation
IranKermanshah, Lorestan, Golestan, Razavi Khorasan, Bashehr, Hormozgan, Fars, Esfahan
RussiaSouthern, Northwestern, Urals
Saudi ArabiaNorthern Borders, Eastern province, Persian Gulf
QatarJamayliyah
NorwayNorweigien Sea, North Sea
IndonesiaAceh, Riau, Kalimantan Barat
Other countries : Algeria, Canada, US, Venezuela, China, Mexico, Colombia, Nigeria, Australia, Libya
* Hydro-Electricity:
-generated from water: production of electrical power through the use of the gravitational force of falling or flowing water
Generating methods :
1. Conventional (dams):
-Most hydroelectric power comes from thepotential energyofdammedwater driving awater turbineandgenerator.
-The power extracted from the water depends on the volume and on the difference in height between the source and the water's outflow.
-This height difference is called thehead.
-The amount ofpotential energyin water is proportional to the head.
2. Pumped-storage:
-produces electricity to supply high peak demands by moving water betweenreservoirsat different elevations. At times of low electrical demand ->excess generation capacityis used to pump water into the higher reservoir.
- When there is higher demand, water is released back into the lower reservoir through a turbine.
3. Run-of-the-river
4. Tide
5. Underground
-Anunderground power stationmakes use of a large natural height difference between two waterways, such as a waterfall or mountain lake.
-An underground tunnel is constructed to take water from the high reservoir to the generating hall built in an underground cavern near the lowest point of the water tunnel and a horizontal tailrace taking water away to the lower outlet waterway.
List of some dams (list is not exhausted):
CountriesNameRiver
ChinaThree Gorges Dam Longtan DamLaxiwa DamXiaowan DamErtan DamPubugou DamGoupitan DamGezhouba DamJinanqiao DamLiyuan DamGuandi DamLijiaxia DamYangtzeHongshuiYellowMekongYalongDaduWuYangtzeJinshaJinshaYalongYellow
CanadaRobert-BourassaChurchill FallsW. A. C. Bennett DamLa Grande-4Manic-5 and Manic-5-PARevelstoke DamLa Grande-3La Grande-2-ALa GrandeChurchillPeace RiverLa GrandeManicouaganColumbiaLa GrandeLa Grande
BrazilItaipu DamTucuruIlha Solteira DamXing DamPaulo Afonso IVItumbiaraParanaTocantinsParanaSao FranciscoSao FranciscoParanaba
USAGrand CouleeChief Joseph DamNiagara Falls (US)John Day DamHoover DamColumbiaColumbiaNiagaraColumbiaN. Platte
RussiaSayanoShushenskayaKrasnoyarskBratsaUst IlimskayaVolzhskaya (Volgogradskaya)Zhiguliovskaya (Samarskaya)Bureya DamYeniseiYeniseiAngaraAngaraVolgaVolgaBureya
* Nuclear Energy:
-important minerals used are : Uranium and Thorium
-exothermic nuclear processes
Some nuclear energy plants in world : (only main producers)
CountryName (not exhausted)
France
* Belleville Nuclear Power Plant -
* Blayais Nuclear Power Plant
* Bugey Nuclear Power Plant
* Cattenom Nuclear Power Plant
* Chinon Nuclear Power Plant
* Chooz Nuclear Power Plant
* Civaux Nuclear Power Plant
* Cruas Nuclear Power Plant
* Dampierre Nuclear Power Plant
* Fessenheim Nuclear Power Plant
* Flamanville Nuclear Power Plant
* Golfech Nuclear Power Plant
* Gravelines Nuclear Power Plant
* Nogent Nuclear Power Plant
* Paluel Nuclear Power Plant
* Penly Nuclear Power Plant
* Phnix Nuclear Power Plant
* Saint-Alban Nuclear Power Plant
* Saint-Laurent Nuclear Power Plant
* Tricastin Nuclear Power Center
Japan
* Fukushima I
* Fukushima II
* Genkai
* Hamaoka
* Higashidori
* Ikata
* Kashiwazaki-Kariwa
* Mihama
* Monju
* Oi
* Onagawa
* Sendai
* Shika
* Shimane
* Takahama
* Tokai
* Tomari
* Tsuruga
Germany
* Biblis Nuclear Power Plant
* Brokdorf Nuclear Power Plant
* Brunsbttel Nuclear Power Plant
* Emsland Nuclear Power Plant
* Grafenrheinfeld Nuclear Power Plant
* Gundremmingen Nuclear Power Plant
* Nuclear Power Plant Landshut Isar I + Isar II;
* Krmmel Nuclear Power Plant
* Neckarwestheim Nuclear Power Plant
* Philippsburg Nuclear Power Plant
* Unterweser Nuclear Power Plant
USA
* Beaver Valley Nuclear Generating Station
* Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Generating Station
* Connecticut Yankee Nuclear Power Plant
* Ginna Nuclear Generating Station
* Indian Point Energy Center
* Hope Creek Nuclear Generating Station
* James A. FitzPatrick Nuclear Power Plant
* Millstone Nuclear Power Plant
* Oyster Creek Nuclear Generating Station
* Shippingport Atomic Power Station
* Three Mile Island Nuclear Generating
* Catawba Nuclear Station
* H. B. Robinson Nuclear Generating Station
* North Anna Nuclear Generating Station
* Surry Nuclear Power Plant
* Byron Nuclear Generating Station
* Point Beach Nuclear Plant
Russia
* Balakovo
* Beloyarsk (BN-600)
* Bilibino
* Kalinin
* Kola
* Kursk
* Novovoronezh
* Smolensk
* Leningrad (Sosnovy Bor)
* Volgodonsk (Rostov)
Canada
* Pickering- A,B
* Darlington
* Bruce -A,B
* Nuclear Power Demonstration
* Douglas Point Nuclear Generating Station
* Gentilly Nuclear Generating Station
* Point Lepreau Nuclear Generating Station
China
* Daya Bay (Guangdong )
* Hongyanhe
* Ling'ao (Lingao)
* Ningde
* Qinshan (formerly Qinshan)
* Tianwan (Lianyungang)
Distribution in India
Non-metals :
Name ofNon-metalStateLocation
MicaAndhra Pradesh -Nellore mica belt, Dudur, Khamma, Krishna, West Godavari, Vishakhapatnam
Rajasthan-Jaipur, Udaipur, Ajmer, Bhilwara, Dungarpur, Sikar and Tonk
Jharkhand-Hazaribagh plateau , Dhanbad, Palamau, Ranchi
Tamil Nadu-Coimbatore, Triuchirapalli, Madurai, Kanyakumari
West Bengal- Purulia, Bankura
LimestoneMadhya Pradesh- Balaghat and Chhindwara
Meghalaya-Khasi and Jainti hills
Karnataka-Bijapur, Belgaum, Shimoga
Andhra Pradesh-Vishakhapattnam, Guntur, Krishna, Karimnagar, Adilabad
Orissa-Sundargarh
Bihar-Shahabad
DiamondMadhya Pradesh-Panna, Bundekhand
Andhra Pradesh -Kurnool, Anantapur
Karnataka-Raichur
Cutting and polishing -in Surat, Ahmedabad, Navasari, Palanpur, Bhavnagar, Mumbia, Khambat, Jaipur, Trichur, Goa
Distribution of Energy resources :
Conventional resources:
StateLocation
Jharkhand-Dhanbad, Dumka, Hazaribagh, Palamu, Auranga, Bokaro, Daltenganj, Giridih, Hutar, Jharia, Karanpur and Ramgarh
Odisha-Dhenkanal, Sambalpur, Sundargarh
Chhattisgarh-Bilaspur, Raigarh, Surguja
West Bengal-Raniganj, Bankura, Bardhman, Birbhum, Darjeeling, Jalpaiguri, Puruliya
Madhya Pradesh-Rewa, Betul, Chhindwara, Narsinghpur, Sidhi, Shahdol, Singrauli, Muhpani, Satpura, Sohagpur, Pench-Kanhan
Andhra Pradesh-Godavari valley, Adilabad, Khammam, Nellore, Warangal, Singareni, Kottagudam
Other states -Maharashtra, Uttar Pradesh, Meghalaya, Assam, Bihar, Arunachal Pradesh, Nagaland
* Petroleum and Natural Gas :
Basins form where petroleum and natural gas recovered:
1. The Upper Assam Basin
2. The Western Bengal Basin
3. The Western Himalayan Basin
4. The Rajasthan Saurastra-Kachchh Basin
5. The Northern Gujarat Basin
6. The Coastal Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh and Kerala Basin
7. The Ganga Valley Basin
8. The Andaman and Nicobar Coastal Basin
9. Offshore of Khambat, Bombay High and Bassein
Crude oil producing regions :
RegionsOilfields
Western Coast Offshore Oilfields- Bombay High Oilfields-Bassein Oilfields-Aliabet Oilfields
The Gujarat Coast-Ankheshwar-Cambay-Luni-The Ahmadabad-Kalol
The Brahmaputra Valley-Digboi Oilfield-The Naharkatiya oilfield
The Eastern Coast oilfields-marine delta regions in Mahanadi, Godavari, Krishna, Kaveri rivers
Other regions- Uttar Pradesh: Bilaspur in Rampur-Punjab : Jawalamukhi -Rajasthan : Barmer
Distribution of natural gas:
* Bombay High
* Bassein oilfields
* Gujarat : Ankleshwar and Gulf of Khambat
* Andhra Pradesh
* Assam
* Tamil Nadu: Thanjavur and Shingleput
* Godawari and Krishna Basin
* Rajasthan: Barmer
* Himachal Pradesh: Kangra
* Punjab : Firozpur
* Hydro-Electricity :
StateHydro-Electricity Power plants
Andhra Pradesh-Machkund, Nagarjun-Sagar, Nizam-Sagar, Sileru, Srisalem
Bihar- Kosi
Gujarat-Akrimota, Sardar-Sarovar, Ukai (tapi), Hathmati (sabarmati), Bhadra (Kathiawad)
Jammu & KashmirDool-hasti, Lower Jhelum, Salal, Baghliar
Jharkhand-Maithon, Panchet, Tilaiya, Mayurakshi
Karnataka-Mahatma-Gandhi (Jog falls), Sivasamudram (Kaveri), Bhadra, Munirabad, Saravati, Tungbhadra, Krishnaraja-Sagar
Kerala-Idikki , Kallada, Kuttiaddy, Pallivasal, Parambikulam, Poringal, Panniar, Sabarigiri, Periyar
Madhya Pradesh-Jawaharsagar and Pratap-Sagar on Chambal, Twa
Maharashtra-Bhola, Bhatnagar-Beed, Girna, Khopali, Koyna, Purna, Paithon, Vaiterna
North-Eastern States-Dikhu, Doyan (both in Nagaland); Gomuti (Tripura); Loktak (Manipur); Kopali (Assam); Khandong and Kyrdemkulai ( Meghalaya); Sirlui and Barabi (Mizoram); Ranganadi (Arunachal Pradesh)
Odisha-Hiradud(Mahanadi), Balimela, Rengali (Brahmani), Indiravati
Punjab and Himachal Pradesh-Bhakra-Nangal on Satluj, Dehar on Beas, Giri-Bata, Harike Binwa, Andhra, Chamera, Pong, Siul, Bassi
Rajasthan-Ranapratap Sagar and Jawahar Sagar on Chambal River
Tamil Nadu-Bhavanisagar, Mettur, Periyar, Aliayar, Kodayar, Moyar, Suruliyar, Papnasam
Uttarakhand-Tehri-dam and Koteshwar-dam on Bhagirathi
Uttar Pradesh-Rihand, Ramganga , Chibro on tons
West Bengal -Panchet
* Nuclear Energy :
StatePower station
Maharashtra-Tarapur, Jaitapur
Rajasthan-Rawatbhata
Tamil Nadu-Kundakulam, Kalpakkam
Uttar Pradesh-Narora
Gujarat-Kakrapara, Maithi-Verdi
Karnataka-Kaiga
West Bengal-Haripur
Madhya Pradesh-Bargi-Chutka
Haryana-Kumharia
Non-Conventional Energy Resources: (in next article)
* Solar Energy:
* Wind Energy:
* Ocean energy:
* Geothermal Energy:
* Bio-Energy:
Nisha Vats
Showing posts with label Andhra Pradesh. Show all posts
Showing posts with label Andhra Pradesh. Show all posts
Monday, January 13, 2014
Dealing With Naxal+Ism:Development and Discontent
Naxalism is seen as the single largest internal security challenge ever faced by the country.
Of the 13 affected states, the movement is intense in outskirts of Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, Madhya Pradesh,
Maharashtra, while it is making inroads in Kerala, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Uttarahchal and Haryana.
There is growing professionalism in Naxal ranks and their attacking strategy.
The Naxal violence to be a mere law and order problem and it needs to be tackled as a socio-economic problem.
The Naxalites will continue to breed internal unrest and upset peace till such time the economic inequalities are not addressed.
The poorest of our people are concentrated in the Naxalite belt from Bihar's borders with Nepal to Rayalseema in Andhra Pradesh.
Unless their grievances are addressed speedily, their resentment and anger would continue to fuel the Naxalites.
* Good governance and effective implementation of development programmes are the key elements to counter socio-economic causes of Naxalism.
* The changes in character and style of the movement must be recognized.
* There is growing militarization and superior army-style organization.This needs strengthening of local policing and intelligence gathering system. Competent officer's need to be posted in the Naxalism affected districts and areas with stable tenure.
* "Greyhounds" of Andhra Pradesh can serve as model to other affected states.
* Winning the confidence of local population is another important area.
In several meetings called by the Centre of affected states, it has emerged that---
* The drive against movement has often been hit by the lack of coordination between states and central intelligence agencies.
The positive outcome of these meetings has been that---
* The Centre has now made it clear that it will closely monitor the implementation of counter revolutionary strategies in different states.
* Earlier the Union Government's role was only confined to sending paramilitary forces, reimbursement security related expenditure to states and modernization of police.
Addressing the meeting of Chief Ministers of naxalism affected states, the Prime Minister said---
* Our strategy to handle Naxal menace has to walk on two legs - one, to have an effective police response and at the same time focus on reducing the sense of deprivation and alienation".
Another important point by the Prime Minister was---
* "The police response is necessary so that the obligation of the Indian state to uphold public order is fulfilled. However, an effective police response does not mean that we need to brutalise the Indian state".
The time has come to translate Prime Minister's works into action to halt and curb the spreading of Naxalism and allow fruits of economic development to reach faster to the affected areas.
The Plight of Naxalism
NAXALITES operate in a vacuum created by inadequacy of administrative and political institutions, espouse local demands and take advantage of the prevalent disaffection and injustice among the exploited segments of the population and seek to offer an alternative system, of governance which promises emancipation of these segments from the clutches of 'exploiter' classes through the barrel of a gun.
Naxalite menace remains an area of serious concern. In 2005, naxalite violence claimed over 660 lives as against 566 casualties in 2004.While the quantum of naxal violence registered a marginal increase of 3.8 per cent in 2005 over 2004, resultant casualties went up by 18.1 percent. In 2005, the states of Bihar and Jharkhand witnessed a few high profile incidents like looting of weapons from the Giridih Home Guard training centre (Jharkhand) and the Jehanabad jail-break.
However, the overall naxal violence increased mainly in Andhra Pradesh due to stepped up violence by naxalites following their unilateral withdrawal from the peace talks and in Chhattisgarh mainly owing to greater offensive by naxalities to derail Salva Judum, a voluntary and peaceful anti-naxal movement by local people.
Recent Trends---
* Spatial spread:
Available reports, suggest that CPI (Maoists) have been trying to increase their influence and activity in parts of Karnataka, Kerala, Tamil Nadu and Uttaranchal and also in new areas in some of the already affected states. After the merger of Communist Party Marxist Lennist-People's War (CPMLPW) and Maoist Communist Center of Iridia (MeCI) into CPI (Maoist) in September, 2004, they are reported to be trying to woo other splinter groups and have also consolidated their front organisations into 'Revolutionary Democratic Front' (RDF) and People's Democratic Front of India (PDFI) to intensify their mass contact programme.
Indian naxalite groups continue to sustain their fraternal and logistic links with Nepalese Maoists, though there are no strategic and operational links between the two.The naxalite leadership continues to pursue their ideology to wage protracted people's war through the armed struggle to capture political power, while a significant number of naxalite cadres are anti-social and criminal elements.
In the recent past, naxalite groups seem to lay greater focus on organising along military lines.
They are also acquiring contemporary weapons. Their constant effort is to upgrade technology and sophistication of, their armoury and techniques. The latest tactics adopted by the naxal outfits are to engage in simultaneous multiple attacks in large numbers particularly against police forces and police establishments. The overall counter action by the affected states. in terms of naxalites killed, arrested, surrendered and arms recovered from them achieved better results in 2005 and 2006 so far, however there is an urgent need to .. further improve and strengthen police response particularly by the states of Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, Bihar, Orissa, Maharashtra by improving actionableintelligence collection and sharing mechanisms and strengthening their police force~ on the pattern of SIB and Greyhounds in Andhra Pradesh.
The Government has taken the following measures to improve police force and development response to counter this threat.
* Modernization of State Police:
Funds are given to the states under the Police Modernization Scheme to modernize their police forces in terms
of modern weaponry, latest communication equipment, mobility and other infrastructure. The naxal affected states have also been asked to identify vulnerable police stations and outposts in naxal areas and take up their
fortification under the Scheme.
* Revision of Security Related Expenditure (SRE) Scheme in February, 2005:
The level of reimbursement under the Scheme was raised in February, 2005 from 50 per cent to 100 per cent and
new items like insurance scheme for police personnel, community policing, rehabilitation of surrendered naxalites, expenditure incurred on publicity have been introduced to counter propaganda of naxalites.
The scheme has enabled the states to improve ground level policing in the naxal affected areas.
* Supply of Mine Protected Vehicles:
Keeping in view the increased casualties of police personnel and civilians caused by IED/land mine blasts, the naxal affected states have been provided 80 Mine Protected Vehicles (MPVs) under the Police Modernization Scheme. This supply has been streamlined by taking up the matter with the Chairman, Ordnance Factory Board.
* Long-term deployment of Central Para Military Forces:
In order to supplement the efforts of the states in providing an effective response to the naxal violence, Central Para Military Forces have been deployed on a long term basis as requested by the affected states.
* India Reserve Battalions:
The naxal affected states have been sanctioned India Reserve (IR) battalions mainly to strengthen security apparatus their level as also to enable them to provide gainful employment to the youth, particularly in the naxal areas.
* Recruitment in Central Para Military Forces:
In order to wean away the potential youth from the path to militancy or naxalism, recruitment guidelines have been revised to permit 40 percent recruitment in Central Para Military Forces from the border areas and areas affected by militancy or naxalism.
* Protection of Railways:
In the wake of increased attacks on railway properties, the matter has been discussed with the Ministry of Railways so as to take appropriate preventive measures in this regard.
* Salva Judum in Bastar region, Chhattisgarh:
An anti-naxal movement began in June, 2005 in Bastar region of Chhattisgarh as a spontaneous expression to pent-up anti-naxalite sentiments among the local people. The movement was triggered off by a meeting of eight villages at Tebmar village in district Bijapur, whereas the villagers expressed their unhappiness with the modus operandi of naxalites causing harassment and starvation of common villagers due to cutting off of employment opportunities. Salva Judum activists mobilized villagers/tribals against naxals through a series of rallies and meetings in naxal strongholds of the two blocks (Bijapur and Bhairamgarh) of Bijapur police district in South Bastar.
Keeping in view the importance of Salva Judum movement as a major bulwark in sustained campaign against naxals and view of the naxalite attacks on innocent Salva Judum activists, the state government has been advised to enhance the deployment of Security personnel in order to provide effective area domination, ensure safety of Salva Judum activists and strengthen security of relief camps.
* Key Initiatives at the State Level
In order to ensure accelerated socio-economic development and delivery of justice, the naxalism affected states have been ordered to-----
* Ensure effective implementation of land Reforms, Panchayat (Extension to Scheduled Areas) Act (PESA) and formulation of Resettlement and Rehabilitation (RR) Policy for displaced tribals.
* Improve governance and establish better delivery systems for people centric development in the LWE districts.
* Ensure proper and full utilisation of finances under various developmental schemes such as Bharat Nirman, MGNREGS, PMGSY, Mid Day Meal Scheme, and Right to Education and so on.
Development Response
* Backward Districts Initiative(BDI):
Since the naxalite meanace has to be addressed on the developmental front also, the Government has provided financial assistance to naxal affected districts under the Backward Districts lnitiative (BDI) component of the Rashtriya Sam Vikas Yojana (RSVY).
Under this Scheme, an amount of Rs 15 crore per year has been given to each of the districts for three years in order to fill in critical gaps in physical and social development in the naxal affected areas. Apart from these districts, other naxal affected areas/districts have also been included under the Backward Regions Grant Fund (BRGF) Scheme.
* Tribal and Forest related issues:
In order to address the areas of disaffection among the tribals, the government has introduced the Scheduled Tribes (Recognition of Forest Rights) Bill, 2005,. In Parliament. Further, to facilitate social and physical infrastructure in the forest areas, Ministry of Environment and Forests has, as requested by the Ministry of Home Affairs issued general approval to allow such infrastructure by utilising up to 1 hectare of forest for non-forest purposes. The Ministry has also permitted upgradation of kutcha roads constructed into pucca roads.
* Land reforms employment opportunities in the naxal areas:
Naxal groups have been raising mainly land' and livelihood related issues. If land reforms are taken up on priority and the landless and the poor in the naxal areas are allotted surplus land, this would go a long way in tackling the developmental aspects of the naxal problem.The states have been requested to focus greater attention on this area as' also accelerate people centric developmental activities and create employment opportunities in the naxal affected areas with. special focus on creation of physical infrastructure in terms of roads, communication, power as also social infrastructure such as schools, hospitals etc.
* Naxals---Surrender Cum Rehabilitation Scheme
The Union ministry has requested to all the major naxalism affected states to strictly implement the Naxals---Surrender Cum Rehabilitation Scheme for naxalites who actually wants to shun the violence and join the mainstream.
The Central Government views the naxalite menace as an area of serious concern. The Government remains firmly committed and determined to address the problem. Essentially, the state governments would need to pursue effective measures to further improve ground level policing and development response, besides countering the negative propaganda unleashed by naxalites, to contain and control this menace. The Central Government will continue to coordinate and supplement the efforts and resources of the state governments on both security and development fronts to meet The Internal Security Challenge posed by Naxalism.
Ankur Sachan
Of the 13 affected states, the movement is intense in outskirts of Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, Madhya Pradesh,
Maharashtra, while it is making inroads in Kerala, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Uttarahchal and Haryana.
There is growing professionalism in Naxal ranks and their attacking strategy.
The Naxal violence to be a mere law and order problem and it needs to be tackled as a socio-economic problem.
The Naxalites will continue to breed internal unrest and upset peace till such time the economic inequalities are not addressed.
The poorest of our people are concentrated in the Naxalite belt from Bihar's borders with Nepal to Rayalseema in Andhra Pradesh.
Unless their grievances are addressed speedily, their resentment and anger would continue to fuel the Naxalites.
* Good governance and effective implementation of development programmes are the key elements to counter socio-economic causes of Naxalism.
* The changes in character and style of the movement must be recognized.
* There is growing militarization and superior army-style organization.This needs strengthening of local policing and intelligence gathering system. Competent officer's need to be posted in the Naxalism affected districts and areas with stable tenure.
* "Greyhounds" of Andhra Pradesh can serve as model to other affected states.
* Winning the confidence of local population is another important area.
In several meetings called by the Centre of affected states, it has emerged that---
* The drive against movement has often been hit by the lack of coordination between states and central intelligence agencies.
The positive outcome of these meetings has been that---
* The Centre has now made it clear that it will closely monitor the implementation of counter revolutionary strategies in different states.
* Earlier the Union Government's role was only confined to sending paramilitary forces, reimbursement security related expenditure to states and modernization of police.
Addressing the meeting of Chief Ministers of naxalism affected states, the Prime Minister said---
* Our strategy to handle Naxal menace has to walk on two legs - one, to have an effective police response and at the same time focus on reducing the sense of deprivation and alienation".
Another important point by the Prime Minister was---
* "The police response is necessary so that the obligation of the Indian state to uphold public order is fulfilled. However, an effective police response does not mean that we need to brutalise the Indian state".
The time has come to translate Prime Minister's works into action to halt and curb the spreading of Naxalism and allow fruits of economic development to reach faster to the affected areas.
The Plight of Naxalism
NAXALITES operate in a vacuum created by inadequacy of administrative and political institutions, espouse local demands and take advantage of the prevalent disaffection and injustice among the exploited segments of the population and seek to offer an alternative system, of governance which promises emancipation of these segments from the clutches of 'exploiter' classes through the barrel of a gun.
Naxalite menace remains an area of serious concern. In 2005, naxalite violence claimed over 660 lives as against 566 casualties in 2004.While the quantum of naxal violence registered a marginal increase of 3.8 per cent in 2005 over 2004, resultant casualties went up by 18.1 percent. In 2005, the states of Bihar and Jharkhand witnessed a few high profile incidents like looting of weapons from the Giridih Home Guard training centre (Jharkhand) and the Jehanabad jail-break.
However, the overall naxal violence increased mainly in Andhra Pradesh due to stepped up violence by naxalites following their unilateral withdrawal from the peace talks and in Chhattisgarh mainly owing to greater offensive by naxalities to derail Salva Judum, a voluntary and peaceful anti-naxal movement by local people.
Recent Trends---
* Spatial spread:
Available reports, suggest that CPI (Maoists) have been trying to increase their influence and activity in parts of Karnataka, Kerala, Tamil Nadu and Uttaranchal and also in new areas in some of the already affected states. After the merger of Communist Party Marxist Lennist-People's War (CPMLPW) and Maoist Communist Center of Iridia (MeCI) into CPI (Maoist) in September, 2004, they are reported to be trying to woo other splinter groups and have also consolidated their front organisations into 'Revolutionary Democratic Front' (RDF) and People's Democratic Front of India (PDFI) to intensify their mass contact programme.
Indian naxalite groups continue to sustain their fraternal and logistic links with Nepalese Maoists, though there are no strategic and operational links between the two.The naxalite leadership continues to pursue their ideology to wage protracted people's war through the armed struggle to capture political power, while a significant number of naxalite cadres are anti-social and criminal elements.
In the recent past, naxalite groups seem to lay greater focus on organising along military lines.
They are also acquiring contemporary weapons. Their constant effort is to upgrade technology and sophistication of, their armoury and techniques. The latest tactics adopted by the naxal outfits are to engage in simultaneous multiple attacks in large numbers particularly against police forces and police establishments. The overall counter action by the affected states. in terms of naxalites killed, arrested, surrendered and arms recovered from them achieved better results in 2005 and 2006 so far, however there is an urgent need to .. further improve and strengthen police response particularly by the states of Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, Bihar, Orissa, Maharashtra by improving actionableintelligence collection and sharing mechanisms and strengthening their police force~ on the pattern of SIB and Greyhounds in Andhra Pradesh.
The Government has taken the following measures to improve police force and development response to counter this threat.
* Modernization of State Police:
Funds are given to the states under the Police Modernization Scheme to modernize their police forces in terms
of modern weaponry, latest communication equipment, mobility and other infrastructure. The naxal affected states have also been asked to identify vulnerable police stations and outposts in naxal areas and take up their
fortification under the Scheme.
* Revision of Security Related Expenditure (SRE) Scheme in February, 2005:
The level of reimbursement under the Scheme was raised in February, 2005 from 50 per cent to 100 per cent and
new items like insurance scheme for police personnel, community policing, rehabilitation of surrendered naxalites, expenditure incurred on publicity have been introduced to counter propaganda of naxalites.
The scheme has enabled the states to improve ground level policing in the naxal affected areas.
* Supply of Mine Protected Vehicles:
Keeping in view the increased casualties of police personnel and civilians caused by IED/land mine blasts, the naxal affected states have been provided 80 Mine Protected Vehicles (MPVs) under the Police Modernization Scheme. This supply has been streamlined by taking up the matter with the Chairman, Ordnance Factory Board.
* Long-term deployment of Central Para Military Forces:
In order to supplement the efforts of the states in providing an effective response to the naxal violence, Central Para Military Forces have been deployed on a long term basis as requested by the affected states.
* India Reserve Battalions:
The naxal affected states have been sanctioned India Reserve (IR) battalions mainly to strengthen security apparatus their level as also to enable them to provide gainful employment to the youth, particularly in the naxal areas.
* Recruitment in Central Para Military Forces:
In order to wean away the potential youth from the path to militancy or naxalism, recruitment guidelines have been revised to permit 40 percent recruitment in Central Para Military Forces from the border areas and areas affected by militancy or naxalism.
* Protection of Railways:
In the wake of increased attacks on railway properties, the matter has been discussed with the Ministry of Railways so as to take appropriate preventive measures in this regard.
* Salva Judum in Bastar region, Chhattisgarh:
An anti-naxal movement began in June, 2005 in Bastar region of Chhattisgarh as a spontaneous expression to pent-up anti-naxalite sentiments among the local people. The movement was triggered off by a meeting of eight villages at Tebmar village in district Bijapur, whereas the villagers expressed their unhappiness with the modus operandi of naxalites causing harassment and starvation of common villagers due to cutting off of employment opportunities. Salva Judum activists mobilized villagers/tribals against naxals through a series of rallies and meetings in naxal strongholds of the two blocks (Bijapur and Bhairamgarh) of Bijapur police district in South Bastar.
Keeping in view the importance of Salva Judum movement as a major bulwark in sustained campaign against naxals and view of the naxalite attacks on innocent Salva Judum activists, the state government has been advised to enhance the deployment of Security personnel in order to provide effective area domination, ensure safety of Salva Judum activists and strengthen security of relief camps.
* Key Initiatives at the State Level
In order to ensure accelerated socio-economic development and delivery of justice, the naxalism affected states have been ordered to-----
* Ensure effective implementation of land Reforms, Panchayat (Extension to Scheduled Areas) Act (PESA) and formulation of Resettlement and Rehabilitation (RR) Policy for displaced tribals.
* Improve governance and establish better delivery systems for people centric development in the LWE districts.
* Ensure proper and full utilisation of finances under various developmental schemes such as Bharat Nirman, MGNREGS, PMGSY, Mid Day Meal Scheme, and Right to Education and so on.
Development Response
* Backward Districts Initiative(BDI):
Since the naxalite meanace has to be addressed on the developmental front also, the Government has provided financial assistance to naxal affected districts under the Backward Districts lnitiative (BDI) component of the Rashtriya Sam Vikas Yojana (RSVY).
Under this Scheme, an amount of Rs 15 crore per year has been given to each of the districts for three years in order to fill in critical gaps in physical and social development in the naxal affected areas. Apart from these districts, other naxal affected areas/districts have also been included under the Backward Regions Grant Fund (BRGF) Scheme.
* Tribal and Forest related issues:
In order to address the areas of disaffection among the tribals, the government has introduced the Scheduled Tribes (Recognition of Forest Rights) Bill, 2005,. In Parliament. Further, to facilitate social and physical infrastructure in the forest areas, Ministry of Environment and Forests has, as requested by the Ministry of Home Affairs issued general approval to allow such infrastructure by utilising up to 1 hectare of forest for non-forest purposes. The Ministry has also permitted upgradation of kutcha roads constructed into pucca roads.
* Land reforms employment opportunities in the naxal areas:
Naxal groups have been raising mainly land' and livelihood related issues. If land reforms are taken up on priority and the landless and the poor in the naxal areas are allotted surplus land, this would go a long way in tackling the developmental aspects of the naxal problem.The states have been requested to focus greater attention on this area as' also accelerate people centric developmental activities and create employment opportunities in the naxal affected areas with. special focus on creation of physical infrastructure in terms of roads, communication, power as also social infrastructure such as schools, hospitals etc.
* Naxals---Surrender Cum Rehabilitation Scheme
The Union ministry has requested to all the major naxalism affected states to strictly implement the Naxals---Surrender Cum Rehabilitation Scheme for naxalites who actually wants to shun the violence and join the mainstream.
The Central Government views the naxalite menace as an area of serious concern. The Government remains firmly committed and determined to address the problem. Essentially, the state governments would need to pursue effective measures to further improve ground level policing and development response, besides countering the negative propaganda unleashed by naxalites, to contain and control this menace. The Central Government will continue to coordinate and supplement the efforts and resources of the state governments on both security and development fronts to meet The Internal Security Challenge posed by Naxalism.
Ankur Sachan
NAXALISM or MAOISM or LW Extremism
World View:
1. the Red Army Faction or Baader Meinhof Gang in the former West Germany
2. the Red Brigades in Italy,
3. the 17 November Movement in Greece,
4. the Shining Path of Peru,
5. Peoples Revolutionary Army and the Motoneros of Argentina.
6. The Maoist groups in India and Nepal
Overview:
1. PM calls it as "India's single largest internal security Problem"
2. 8,000 people have been killed between 2001 and 2012.
3. Govt estimates of Maoist forces : 15000-20000 army, atleast40% of them are women; avg age in high teens and low twenties.
4. Various estimates suggest Maoist rebels could number up to 40,000. Of these, thousands may be armed with weapons ranging from AK-47s to light machine-guns raided from police stations or bought from dealers in Nepal. The cadre mostly comprises farmers, landless labourers, tribals and the extremely poor, including women and children.
5. The Indian government, led by the United Progressive Alliance, banned the CPI (Maoist) under theUnlawful Activities (Prevention) Act(UAPA)as a terrorist organisation
6. Naxalites have been charged by the government with running anextortion economyin the guise of a popular revolution, extorting vast amounts of money from local branches of mining companies and other businesses
Origin:
1. The peasant movement in Andhra Pradesh just after Indias independence was a precursor to the rise of Maoist thought. But it was an attack on a tribal man in the Naxalbari village of West Bengal on March 2, 1967 that sparked the violent, extremist left-wing movement.The Communist Party of China hailed the movement as the Spring Thunder of India.
2. The Communist Party of India (Maoist) is an ultra-leftist political party in India whichaims to overthrow the governmentof India through people's war and to establish a class-less society; seizure of power through an agrarian revolution. Eight articles written by Charu Majumdar at this timeknown as theHistoric Eight Documentshave been seen as providing their ideological foundation: arguing that revolution must take the path of armed struggle on the pattern of the Chinese revolution.
3. Groups occupied vacant lands in parts of Naxalbari, Khoribari and Phansidewa police station areas of Siliguri sub-division on the plea that such lands were in excess of the permissible ceiling on land holdings
4. The Naxalite movement spread in the West Bengal State as a wildfire andparticularly the urban elite youth and the bhadralok classgot attracted to it.
5. the extremist faction could not mobilise people for further organised militant activities because govt. arranged redressal of the long-standing grievances, especially in respect of the hapless and poor tea garden labourers and landless or marginal farmers.
6. 1972 : Death of Charu Majumdar
7. A police research paper says the movement was subdued for two decades till 1991.
8. Various splinter groups of Naxalites started resurfacing in various parts of India during the early 1980s. Thus, the Naxalites of Andhra Pradesh regrouped as the CPI-ML (Peoples War Group/ PWG); likewise the Bihar Naxalites rechristened themselves as the Maoist Communist Centre (MCC). Of all the newly organised Naxalite groups, the CPI-ML (PWG) turned out to be the most active not only in Andhra Pradesh but also in Orissa, in the tribal belt (Bastar-Dandakaranya) of Madhya Pradesh (now mostly in the State of Chhattisgarh) and Maharashtra, causing considerable violence in these States.
9. In Bihar : greatest adversary was not so much the administration and the police butthe armed gangs (senas) of the landlord class- the Ranbir Sena, the Bhumihar Sena; instead of assuming the characteristics of class struggle as propagated by Maoist ideologues, the skirmishes took the shape of caste warfare.
10. Later reincarnated as the Maoist movement since 2004 : barring a few splinter groups, Naxalites have largely completed their process of merger and consolidation with the formation of the CPI (Maoist) on 21 September 2004
Questions:
1. What is India's Maoist challenge all about?--Ideological challengeto the very foundation of Indian state.-challenges the very edifice of Parliamentary democracy and constitutionalism
2. How are the objectives of Maoist challenge to be accomplished? They hope to accomplish these objectives not through Gandhian methods or Ideological debates, but by thestride of violence and terroras fundamental instruments
3. Where is this challenge most visible?
1. It started off in a small village called Naxalbhari;
2. 70s saw Maoist challenge in Urban areas; Today it is predominantly and overwhelmingly rural.
3. Geography of this challenge : Mostly Central India;Mineral Rich areas, Forest Rich Areas and Tribal dominated areaswith Bihar(everything is related to caste-lower castes and under-classes have been mobilised) as an exception;
4. 88/620 districts are classified as LW extremism affected. {8 in AP, 2 in MH, 10 in MP, 10 in CH,17 in JK 18 in OR, 3 in UP, 11 in Bihar and 3 in WB}500-600 Gram panchayats are badly affected
4. Who are thefoot soldiersof this Movt.?
5. Leadership is 99% from AP; Telugu is Lingua-Franca of Maoist Leadership
6. Majority of Foot soldiers are tribals but few exceptions.
7. Tribal participation b/c of 4Ds tribalDisplacement(from their land), Deprivation(of their rights), Disconnect(from the mainstream)and Discontent(with the Govt.)
5. Why has this grown?
8. Once it was confined to 6-7 districts(of AP) in 70s and 80s after demise of Urban oriented Naxalbhari movt.
9. factors : (Way our Political economy and Administration works)
1. Political Neglect of this issue(Eg: No political party in India can afford to ignore Dalit issues; They are central to India's electoral fortunes (300 constituencies). Similarly Muslim populations(can affect 200 constituencies). Tribals no more than 50 constituencies). Tribal vote is not central to electoral performance.Dalits and Muslims live with other communities which is not the case of Tribals. This has affected the nature of political mobilization of political parties.Sankaran Cmt.condemns Maoist violence for its focus on military actions rather than on themobilization of people for social transformation.
2. Miningcontributed to misery of Tribals.Tribal areas to the policy makers are simply mineral rich areas. (Ecological unsustainability & Social devastation has contributed to their discontent). Poor regions in the world are invariably mineral rich regions(Eg: Applachian mountains, Russia, Australia, China). The way extraction industry operates environmentally or socially doesn't lead to prosperity of the locals but it certainly leads to prosperity of outsiders. 40% of the total population displaced post-independence due to development have been tribals ie nearly 10-15 Million. At times they are subjected tonot just one displacement but to multiple displacements.Our track record of land acquisition, Rehabilitation is pathetic.
3. Insensitive Forest Administration: First symbol of Government in Forest Areas is Forest Guard. Forest Guard is armed with Indian Forest Act of 1927. 1000s of tribals in Jharkhand, Chattisgarh are jailed on flimsy charges of collecting items of daily existence. 2006 : Forest Rights Act was enacted. But Forest Bureaucracy continued its hostility towards it.
6. What are we doing to deal with this?
10. our first and instinctive response was to expand our security operations; Today 70000 para-military forces in 88 districts, 30000 local police
11. Lately fromSecurity only approach(Security Response) toSecurity Plus approach(+Development Response)
12. Some security successes to integrate these areas with mainstream societies.
7. Missing pieces of our strategy and what needs to be done?
13. We end up having Half-hearted responses if we don't recognize this as an ideological challenge & Development Challenge
14. Fundamental requirement isPolitical response(Where Political parties are weak, Maoists are strong and vice-versa). There is a political impasse (classic case of "immovable object" meeting "irresistable force")
4. India's Response to Maoists(P.Chidhambaram): "Do not give up arms, Do not give up Ideology, Do not disband your cadres, Come for Dialogue";
5. Political conditions that Maoists want(Comrade Ganapati gave his 3 conditions in an interview ) : All out war has to be withdrawn, For any kind of democratic work the ban on party and mass organization has to be lifted, illegal detention & torture of comrades has to be stopped and released. If these demands are met, then the same leaders who are released would lead and represent the party in talks.
6. Ultimate solution to Maoist problem is political. We defeated militancy in Punjab politically. We defeated insurgency in Mizoram,Tripura politically(insurgent Pu Laldenga now is CM of Mizoram; Similarly Prafulla Kumar Mahanta of AGP(Asom Gana Parishad)). 155 militants belonging to four groups surrendered in Manipur boosting the peace initiative
15. Restitution and Reconciliationon past injustices. The facts that injustices have been perpetrated is undenial.
16. Expansion of institutional spacefor other organizations (ie engaging Civil Society). Constitution of Peace seekers and Gandhian organizations. Multiple tracks of engagement and find out via-media
8. Conclusion : The tragedy of our society is it required Maoists to wake India up toTribal predicament.
Approach:
1. On Security Front
1. 1908s in AP : Police operations created a sense of insecurity among sections of the Maoist cadres which prompted them to resort to brutal murders and tortures of villagers on the slightest suspicion of being police informers. This created alienation of Naxalites from locals. Victories of Greyhounds against Naxals with substantial support from locals in Nallamala forest areas.
2. Treat Naxalism as a national problem(the way Central government engaged themselves, with all the force and strength, in Punjab and Jammu & Kashmir).Information dissemination and intelligence gatheringis the Key.
3. "There should be one centre from where all information regarding naxalism should be disseminated to the States"
4. Designing proper SOPs(Standard Operating Procedures) to avoid casualties
5. There is debate over involving the army and the air force to drive out Maoists hiding in dense forests.
6. AP's special police force "Greyhounds" role in recent Sukhma encounter in Chattisgarh.Usage of UAV(Unmanned aerial vehicles) to track the movements of maoist cadres.
7. Chattisgarh : the creation of resistance groups from amongst the tribal people known as the Salwa Judum or Special Police Officers(SPOs)
8. Their arsenal now boasts of self-loading rifles (SLRs), AK series of rifles and INSAS rifles. It is believed that currently the Maoists have also gained access to the technology of fabricating rockets and rocket launchers.
2. On Developmental Front
9. Challenges of Naxalism can be understood inecological terms of Forests, people and livelihoods which due to to our failure to address, have grown up toemergent statein such areas.Unless we understand the ecological basis of conflicts and evolution of local/regional terrorismwe often fail to find sustainable ceasefire solutions
10. Improving security situation through Participatory development based on inclusive governance; lapses in enforcing PESA,Forest Rights act resulted in deteriorating situation in 5th Scheduled areas
11. AP'sWHAM(Winning hearts and Minds)strategy to fight Maoist forces.
3. Measures to preserve integrity and sovereignty
12. strengthening of Rule of Law. Conviction rate for Terror crimes is quite low since tribals(refuse to become witnesses) are engulfed in fear.Tribalsare picked up randomly and remain for four, five, six years in jail as undertrials. The judicial process is slow and families suffer, they get frustrated. Maoists campaign that innocents are kept in jail for no reason.
13. Fostering respect for human rights and provision for reparation for violations
14. reversing ethnic(NE insurgency), national and religious discrimination(Kashmir issue, communal riots), political exclusion(Regional movts like Telangana) and socio-economic marginalisation(backward regions).
15. listening to people and becoming more responsive to society.
4. Negotiation/ Peace Talks:
16. "I would rather listen to them than fight. A lot of times, they have gotlegitimate grievances packaged as political positions" - Roger Fisher, Negotiation Guru
17. Physical safety of Naxalsis an impeding factor (How can a banned party negotiate without lifting the ban)
18. Political structuresneed to build confidence by dialogue; Acts of terror contain the seeds of rejection of political structures.
19. High profile Kidnaps : Sukma district collector in chattisgarh, Italian tourists in Odisha.Capturing hostages is believed to be the only way for naxalites to the govt. to lend them their ears. Collector and tourists happened to be there when they were looking for a hostage to communicate their demands to govt.
20. CCC(Cmt for concerned citizens) convened 1994 Andhra Peace talks
1. earned legitimacy in dealing the issue impartially
2. Butfailed to design a realistic agenda
21. The Andhra Pradesh government initiated peace talks in 2004 but the ceasefire did not hold for long. The Maoists made an offer in 2010 but the central government rejected it.
22. By the end of 2012 : GOI important move towards negotiations. Promise to put upCMG(Crisis mgmt. groups)- teams to negotiate hostage situation in LW Extremist states. Can CMG address the root of the problem?
3. CMG must be prepared for two realistic issues Naxals are known to rise
1. Release of imprisoned Maoists or the return of tribal land occupied by Non-tribals(direct and tangible demand - cost-benefit analysis can be applied)
2. Involving underlying needs and perceived injustices that drive their movt.
4. Such skills should be taught based onPrincipal negotiation techniques"Never start negotiate the demands, start with needs and wants underlying them"; Need active listening that doesn't come naturally to conflicting parties; "Give and Take based on needs not on demands"
5. CMG needs to anticipate the potential challenges to its implementation in order to avoid failed promises of the past (Eg: CCC)
23. Imprisoned Maoists be brought under police custody to negotiate on behalf of the party rather than roping Civil society who are removed from realities of Parties interests.
Affected Regions:
1. Eastern Highlands : From"Pasupati"(Pasupathinath temple in Nepal) to "Tirupati"
2. mostly active in what has come to be known as thered corridorfrom Andhra Pradesh in the south to West Bengal in the east. But they do have some sort of presence in 21 out of 28 states in India.
3. In some areas, Maoists run their own peoples court (62 Jan Adalats were held last year) and levy taxes on traders.
Debate:
1. 2008 :Bandhopadhyay cmtreport on "Development Challenges in Extremist-affected areas"
2. Initially, it was discrimination ,oppression, and landlordism (essentiallyFeudal order) that gave rise to naxalism; andnow alienation of tribalsfrom their natural habitat is driving it.
3. The feeling of 'parentless'(Discontent with the Govt.)makes people vulnerable to anti-state ideologies(Tribals in MP eatKesari Dalwhich has paralytic effect)
4. SC made an observation " the whole issue of development appears to be so simple, logical and commonsensical. And Yet, to the millions of Indians, development is a dreadful and hateful word that is aimed at denying them even the source the sustenance. It is cynically said that on the path of 'maldevelopment' almost every step that we take seems to give rise to insurgency and political extremism"
5. Just society cannot be created through unjust and inhuman means.. The outcomes of strategies which are built around bloodshed, vengeance, repression and hate will always ultimately be brutal and unjust,even if the violence is undertaken for lofty ideals.
Recent initiatives and case studies:
1. central government has a Naxal Management Division that provides funds, additional security forces, logistics and coordinates between states.
2. Integrated Action Plan(IAP) - to increase inter-state coordination
1. in 88 identified districts.
2. All the resources like planning, intelligence, etc., should integrate [to fight Naxalism].
3. There should be one centre from where all information regarding Naxalism should be disseminated to the States.
4. There should be some long-term strategy, which will be decided together. So far, there is no success in this coordination
5. Extension for 4 more years.
6. Physical Infra facilities like school buildings, anganwadi centers, rural roads, panchayat buildings, community halls and irrigation works were given priority where as social investment in health care, Sanitation and water supplies is very less
7. now under consideration for merging into BRGF
8. Is CAP part of IAP?
9. Payment of MGNREGA wages in cash has been allowed under IAP for selected tribal and backward districts to obviate payment delays where outreach of banks/post-offices is inadequate.
3. Implementation of IAP.
10. Rural Development Min. wants to do that through local bodies where as Home Min. wants to carry it through District admin which will help in increasing the credibility of Govt. in tribal areas.
11. Existing model :30 crore/districtthrough a3-membered district-level cmt(District Magistrate, SP, District Forest Officer).
12. Home and Finance ministries are in favour of existing model while PC and Rural Development ministry are advocating to spend atleast half of the amount through local bodies and representatives. Home ministry pointed out that in most villages local bodies are either missing or lying defunct, while in some places panchayat members were either cooperating with Naxals or were not helping local admin. due to fear of Maoists.
4. Army recruitment to keep youths off Maoism.
5. Programme "Roshini" in24 most critical LW extremism affected districts.
13. Provides beneficiaries aged between 18-35 years with requisite training for the trade or job chosen through public-private partnerships in the fields of tailoring, construction, mobile repairing, nursing and retail.
14. Pro-actively coversParticularlyVulnerable Tribal Groups(PVTGs) on priority basis.
15. Funded by Central and state govts. in the ratio of 75:25
16. Similar to "Himayat" being run in J&K
6. CAP (Civic Action Programme):
17. allows CAPFs(Central Armed Paramilitary Forces) to carry out developmental programmes in 9 LWE affected states under the project "Winning Hearts and Minds" by spending on physical and social infrastructure.
18. It was tweaked to make it "individual-oriented" rather than "project oriented" as this approach will help in bridging the gap b/n locals and security personnel more efficiently.
By A.Sunil Kumar
References:
1. Basic framework was based on Public lecture by Jairam Ramesh http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=q03ghjsebIk
2. Daily News of Hindu to fit in relevant sections
1. the Red Army Faction or Baader Meinhof Gang in the former West Germany
2. the Red Brigades in Italy,
3. the 17 November Movement in Greece,
4. the Shining Path of Peru,
5. Peoples Revolutionary Army and the Motoneros of Argentina.
6. The Maoist groups in India and Nepal
Overview:
1. PM calls it as "India's single largest internal security Problem"
2. 8,000 people have been killed between 2001 and 2012.
3. Govt estimates of Maoist forces : 15000-20000 army, atleast40% of them are women; avg age in high teens and low twenties.
4. Various estimates suggest Maoist rebels could number up to 40,000. Of these, thousands may be armed with weapons ranging from AK-47s to light machine-guns raided from police stations or bought from dealers in Nepal. The cadre mostly comprises farmers, landless labourers, tribals and the extremely poor, including women and children.
5. The Indian government, led by the United Progressive Alliance, banned the CPI (Maoist) under theUnlawful Activities (Prevention) Act(UAPA)as a terrorist organisation
6. Naxalites have been charged by the government with running anextortion economyin the guise of a popular revolution, extorting vast amounts of money from local branches of mining companies and other businesses
Origin:
1. The peasant movement in Andhra Pradesh just after Indias independence was a precursor to the rise of Maoist thought. But it was an attack on a tribal man in the Naxalbari village of West Bengal on March 2, 1967 that sparked the violent, extremist left-wing movement.The Communist Party of China hailed the movement as the Spring Thunder of India.
2. The Communist Party of India (Maoist) is an ultra-leftist political party in India whichaims to overthrow the governmentof India through people's war and to establish a class-less society; seizure of power through an agrarian revolution. Eight articles written by Charu Majumdar at this timeknown as theHistoric Eight Documentshave been seen as providing their ideological foundation: arguing that revolution must take the path of armed struggle on the pattern of the Chinese revolution.
3. Groups occupied vacant lands in parts of Naxalbari, Khoribari and Phansidewa police station areas of Siliguri sub-division on the plea that such lands were in excess of the permissible ceiling on land holdings
4. The Naxalite movement spread in the West Bengal State as a wildfire andparticularly the urban elite youth and the bhadralok classgot attracted to it.
5. the extremist faction could not mobilise people for further organised militant activities because govt. arranged redressal of the long-standing grievances, especially in respect of the hapless and poor tea garden labourers and landless or marginal farmers.
6. 1972 : Death of Charu Majumdar
7. A police research paper says the movement was subdued for two decades till 1991.
8. Various splinter groups of Naxalites started resurfacing in various parts of India during the early 1980s. Thus, the Naxalites of Andhra Pradesh regrouped as the CPI-ML (Peoples War Group/ PWG); likewise the Bihar Naxalites rechristened themselves as the Maoist Communist Centre (MCC). Of all the newly organised Naxalite groups, the CPI-ML (PWG) turned out to be the most active not only in Andhra Pradesh but also in Orissa, in the tribal belt (Bastar-Dandakaranya) of Madhya Pradesh (now mostly in the State of Chhattisgarh) and Maharashtra, causing considerable violence in these States.
9. In Bihar : greatest adversary was not so much the administration and the police butthe armed gangs (senas) of the landlord class- the Ranbir Sena, the Bhumihar Sena; instead of assuming the characteristics of class struggle as propagated by Maoist ideologues, the skirmishes took the shape of caste warfare.
10. Later reincarnated as the Maoist movement since 2004 : barring a few splinter groups, Naxalites have largely completed their process of merger and consolidation with the formation of the CPI (Maoist) on 21 September 2004
Questions:
1. What is India's Maoist challenge all about?--Ideological challengeto the very foundation of Indian state.-challenges the very edifice of Parliamentary democracy and constitutionalism
2. How are the objectives of Maoist challenge to be accomplished? They hope to accomplish these objectives not through Gandhian methods or Ideological debates, but by thestride of violence and terroras fundamental instruments
3. Where is this challenge most visible?
1. It started off in a small village called Naxalbhari;
2. 70s saw Maoist challenge in Urban areas; Today it is predominantly and overwhelmingly rural.
3. Geography of this challenge : Mostly Central India;Mineral Rich areas, Forest Rich Areas and Tribal dominated areaswith Bihar(everything is related to caste-lower castes and under-classes have been mobilised) as an exception;
4. 88/620 districts are classified as LW extremism affected. {8 in AP, 2 in MH, 10 in MP, 10 in CH,17 in JK 18 in OR, 3 in UP, 11 in Bihar and 3 in WB}500-600 Gram panchayats are badly affected
4. Who are thefoot soldiersof this Movt.?
5. Leadership is 99% from AP; Telugu is Lingua-Franca of Maoist Leadership
6. Majority of Foot soldiers are tribals but few exceptions.
7. Tribal participation b/c of 4Ds tribalDisplacement(from their land), Deprivation(of their rights), Disconnect(from the mainstream)and Discontent(with the Govt.)
5. Why has this grown?
8. Once it was confined to 6-7 districts(of AP) in 70s and 80s after demise of Urban oriented Naxalbhari movt.
9. factors : (Way our Political economy and Administration works)
1. Political Neglect of this issue(Eg: No political party in India can afford to ignore Dalit issues; They are central to India's electoral fortunes (300 constituencies). Similarly Muslim populations(can affect 200 constituencies). Tribals no more than 50 constituencies). Tribal vote is not central to electoral performance.Dalits and Muslims live with other communities which is not the case of Tribals. This has affected the nature of political mobilization of political parties.Sankaran Cmt.condemns Maoist violence for its focus on military actions rather than on themobilization of people for social transformation.
2. Miningcontributed to misery of Tribals.Tribal areas to the policy makers are simply mineral rich areas. (Ecological unsustainability & Social devastation has contributed to their discontent). Poor regions in the world are invariably mineral rich regions(Eg: Applachian mountains, Russia, Australia, China). The way extraction industry operates environmentally or socially doesn't lead to prosperity of the locals but it certainly leads to prosperity of outsiders. 40% of the total population displaced post-independence due to development have been tribals ie nearly 10-15 Million. At times they are subjected tonot just one displacement but to multiple displacements.Our track record of land acquisition, Rehabilitation is pathetic.
3. Insensitive Forest Administration: First symbol of Government in Forest Areas is Forest Guard. Forest Guard is armed with Indian Forest Act of 1927. 1000s of tribals in Jharkhand, Chattisgarh are jailed on flimsy charges of collecting items of daily existence. 2006 : Forest Rights Act was enacted. But Forest Bureaucracy continued its hostility towards it.
6. What are we doing to deal with this?
10. our first and instinctive response was to expand our security operations; Today 70000 para-military forces in 88 districts, 30000 local police
11. Lately fromSecurity only approach(Security Response) toSecurity Plus approach(+Development Response)
12. Some security successes to integrate these areas with mainstream societies.
7. Missing pieces of our strategy and what needs to be done?
13. We end up having Half-hearted responses if we don't recognize this as an ideological challenge & Development Challenge
14. Fundamental requirement isPolitical response(Where Political parties are weak, Maoists are strong and vice-versa). There is a political impasse (classic case of "immovable object" meeting "irresistable force")
4. India's Response to Maoists(P.Chidhambaram): "Do not give up arms, Do not give up Ideology, Do not disband your cadres, Come for Dialogue";
5. Political conditions that Maoists want(Comrade Ganapati gave his 3 conditions in an interview ) : All out war has to be withdrawn, For any kind of democratic work the ban on party and mass organization has to be lifted, illegal detention & torture of comrades has to be stopped and released. If these demands are met, then the same leaders who are released would lead and represent the party in talks.
6. Ultimate solution to Maoist problem is political. We defeated militancy in Punjab politically. We defeated insurgency in Mizoram,Tripura politically(insurgent Pu Laldenga now is CM of Mizoram; Similarly Prafulla Kumar Mahanta of AGP(Asom Gana Parishad)). 155 militants belonging to four groups surrendered in Manipur boosting the peace initiative
15. Restitution and Reconciliationon past injustices. The facts that injustices have been perpetrated is undenial.
16. Expansion of institutional spacefor other organizations (ie engaging Civil Society). Constitution of Peace seekers and Gandhian organizations. Multiple tracks of engagement and find out via-media
8. Conclusion : The tragedy of our society is it required Maoists to wake India up toTribal predicament.
Approach:
1. On Security Front
1. 1908s in AP : Police operations created a sense of insecurity among sections of the Maoist cadres which prompted them to resort to brutal murders and tortures of villagers on the slightest suspicion of being police informers. This created alienation of Naxalites from locals. Victories of Greyhounds against Naxals with substantial support from locals in Nallamala forest areas.
2. Treat Naxalism as a national problem(the way Central government engaged themselves, with all the force and strength, in Punjab and Jammu & Kashmir).Information dissemination and intelligence gatheringis the Key.
3. "There should be one centre from where all information regarding naxalism should be disseminated to the States"
4. Designing proper SOPs(Standard Operating Procedures) to avoid casualties
5. There is debate over involving the army and the air force to drive out Maoists hiding in dense forests.
6. AP's special police force "Greyhounds" role in recent Sukhma encounter in Chattisgarh.Usage of UAV(Unmanned aerial vehicles) to track the movements of maoist cadres.
7. Chattisgarh : the creation of resistance groups from amongst the tribal people known as the Salwa Judum or Special Police Officers(SPOs)
8. Their arsenal now boasts of self-loading rifles (SLRs), AK series of rifles and INSAS rifles. It is believed that currently the Maoists have also gained access to the technology of fabricating rockets and rocket launchers.
2. On Developmental Front
9. Challenges of Naxalism can be understood inecological terms of Forests, people and livelihoods which due to to our failure to address, have grown up toemergent statein such areas.Unless we understand the ecological basis of conflicts and evolution of local/regional terrorismwe often fail to find sustainable ceasefire solutions
10. Improving security situation through Participatory development based on inclusive governance; lapses in enforcing PESA,Forest Rights act resulted in deteriorating situation in 5th Scheduled areas
11. AP'sWHAM(Winning hearts and Minds)strategy to fight Maoist forces.
3. Measures to preserve integrity and sovereignty
12. strengthening of Rule of Law. Conviction rate for Terror crimes is quite low since tribals(refuse to become witnesses) are engulfed in fear.Tribalsare picked up randomly and remain for four, five, six years in jail as undertrials. The judicial process is slow and families suffer, they get frustrated. Maoists campaign that innocents are kept in jail for no reason.
13. Fostering respect for human rights and provision for reparation for violations
14. reversing ethnic(NE insurgency), national and religious discrimination(Kashmir issue, communal riots), political exclusion(Regional movts like Telangana) and socio-economic marginalisation(backward regions).
15. listening to people and becoming more responsive to society.
4. Negotiation/ Peace Talks:
16. "I would rather listen to them than fight. A lot of times, they have gotlegitimate grievances packaged as political positions" - Roger Fisher, Negotiation Guru
17. Physical safety of Naxalsis an impeding factor (How can a banned party negotiate without lifting the ban)
18. Political structuresneed to build confidence by dialogue; Acts of terror contain the seeds of rejection of political structures.
19. High profile Kidnaps : Sukma district collector in chattisgarh, Italian tourists in Odisha.Capturing hostages is believed to be the only way for naxalites to the govt. to lend them their ears. Collector and tourists happened to be there when they were looking for a hostage to communicate their demands to govt.
20. CCC(Cmt for concerned citizens) convened 1994 Andhra Peace talks
1. earned legitimacy in dealing the issue impartially
2. Butfailed to design a realistic agenda
21. The Andhra Pradesh government initiated peace talks in 2004 but the ceasefire did not hold for long. The Maoists made an offer in 2010 but the central government rejected it.
22. By the end of 2012 : GOI important move towards negotiations. Promise to put upCMG(Crisis mgmt. groups)- teams to negotiate hostage situation in LW Extremist states. Can CMG address the root of the problem?
3. CMG must be prepared for two realistic issues Naxals are known to rise
1. Release of imprisoned Maoists or the return of tribal land occupied by Non-tribals(direct and tangible demand - cost-benefit analysis can be applied)
2. Involving underlying needs and perceived injustices that drive their movt.
4. Such skills should be taught based onPrincipal negotiation techniques"Never start negotiate the demands, start with needs and wants underlying them"; Need active listening that doesn't come naturally to conflicting parties; "Give and Take based on needs not on demands"
5. CMG needs to anticipate the potential challenges to its implementation in order to avoid failed promises of the past (Eg: CCC)
23. Imprisoned Maoists be brought under police custody to negotiate on behalf of the party rather than roping Civil society who are removed from realities of Parties interests.
Affected Regions:
1. Eastern Highlands : From"Pasupati"(Pasupathinath temple in Nepal) to "Tirupati"
2. mostly active in what has come to be known as thered corridorfrom Andhra Pradesh in the south to West Bengal in the east. But they do have some sort of presence in 21 out of 28 states in India.
3. In some areas, Maoists run their own peoples court (62 Jan Adalats were held last year) and levy taxes on traders.
Debate:
1. 2008 :Bandhopadhyay cmtreport on "Development Challenges in Extremist-affected areas"
2. Initially, it was discrimination ,oppression, and landlordism (essentiallyFeudal order) that gave rise to naxalism; andnow alienation of tribalsfrom their natural habitat is driving it.
3. The feeling of 'parentless'(Discontent with the Govt.)makes people vulnerable to anti-state ideologies(Tribals in MP eatKesari Dalwhich has paralytic effect)
4. SC made an observation " the whole issue of development appears to be so simple, logical and commonsensical. And Yet, to the millions of Indians, development is a dreadful and hateful word that is aimed at denying them even the source the sustenance. It is cynically said that on the path of 'maldevelopment' almost every step that we take seems to give rise to insurgency and political extremism"
5. Just society cannot be created through unjust and inhuman means.. The outcomes of strategies which are built around bloodshed, vengeance, repression and hate will always ultimately be brutal and unjust,even if the violence is undertaken for lofty ideals.
Recent initiatives and case studies:
1. central government has a Naxal Management Division that provides funds, additional security forces, logistics and coordinates between states.
2. Integrated Action Plan(IAP) - to increase inter-state coordination
1. in 88 identified districts.
2. All the resources like planning, intelligence, etc., should integrate [to fight Naxalism].
3. There should be one centre from where all information regarding Naxalism should be disseminated to the States.
4. There should be some long-term strategy, which will be decided together. So far, there is no success in this coordination
5. Extension for 4 more years.
6. Physical Infra facilities like school buildings, anganwadi centers, rural roads, panchayat buildings, community halls and irrigation works were given priority where as social investment in health care, Sanitation and water supplies is very less
7. now under consideration for merging into BRGF
8. Is CAP part of IAP?
9. Payment of MGNREGA wages in cash has been allowed under IAP for selected tribal and backward districts to obviate payment delays where outreach of banks/post-offices is inadequate.
3. Implementation of IAP.
10. Rural Development Min. wants to do that through local bodies where as Home Min. wants to carry it through District admin which will help in increasing the credibility of Govt. in tribal areas.
11. Existing model :30 crore/districtthrough a3-membered district-level cmt(District Magistrate, SP, District Forest Officer).
12. Home and Finance ministries are in favour of existing model while PC and Rural Development ministry are advocating to spend atleast half of the amount through local bodies and representatives. Home ministry pointed out that in most villages local bodies are either missing or lying defunct, while in some places panchayat members were either cooperating with Naxals or were not helping local admin. due to fear of Maoists.
4. Army recruitment to keep youths off Maoism.
5. Programme "Roshini" in24 most critical LW extremism affected districts.
13. Provides beneficiaries aged between 18-35 years with requisite training for the trade or job chosen through public-private partnerships in the fields of tailoring, construction, mobile repairing, nursing and retail.
14. Pro-actively coversParticularlyVulnerable Tribal Groups(PVTGs) on priority basis.
15. Funded by Central and state govts. in the ratio of 75:25
16. Similar to "Himayat" being run in J&K
6. CAP (Civic Action Programme):
17. allows CAPFs(Central Armed Paramilitary Forces) to carry out developmental programmes in 9 LWE affected states under the project "Winning Hearts and Minds" by spending on physical and social infrastructure.
18. It was tweaked to make it "individual-oriented" rather than "project oriented" as this approach will help in bridging the gap b/n locals and security personnel more efficiently.
By A.Sunil Kumar
References:
1. Basic framework was based on Public lecture by Jairam Ramesh http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=q03ghjsebIk
2. Daily News of Hindu to fit in relevant sections
Issues and Concerns in Tackling Internal Security
The foremost concern to-day is Internal Security. All the governmental machinery must jointly find solutions to deal with the obstacles in ensuring security. As the country confronts a wide array of complex internal security threats. Each of these needs to be dealt with in different ways.
Increasingly also, they call up a closer cooperation between the Centre and the States.
Since this problem is no longer confined to a single state but encompasses several states, Integrated functioning in a federal set up such as ours, where law and order is a state subject, It is not easy but we must find ways and means to deal with this situation and rethink some of our past practices.
* Accessing The Situation
In order to deal with this issue, the main stress has to be on---
* Capacity Building and Upgrading the Capability Level of the states (as also that of the Centre).Capacity building at the state level is most crucial, and if there are any financial constraints, the Centre should be willing to provide necessary assistance. It is an urgent need to improve the number of security personnel to tackle this as without effective law and order socio-economic development would be next to impossible.
* More attention is needed to improve the 'Technical Hindrances' for the maintenance of law and order and peace.
This means improving intelligence generation and collection, as also the overall strengthening of IT Mechanism.
* Analytical capabilities need to be enhanced. Proper benchmarks need to be established against which progress and performance can be measured. The development in the North East and Jammu & Kashmir also needs to be reviewed. The Chief Ministers of the North- Eastern states and J&K shall recognize a fundamental reality, namely that in dealing with problems of peripheral states and societies. We need to be especially sensitive to the nuances of each situation and the encyclopaedic character of regional and tribal demands which if not anticipated and dealt with in time, could culminate in a full-fledged militancy. States like Manipur and Nagaland in the North East appear especially vulnerable today. There is little scope for personal predilections that override national considerations and requirements. The same can be said of J&K. Even though the situation has shown signs of improvements these past two years. We should remain on our guard in view of continuing efforts by anti-India and anti-national elements to whip-up emotions and transform these into a violent movement.
* Naxalite Movement
* The approach to the Naxalite problem needs a blend of firm, but sophisticated, handling of naxalite violence with sensitive handling of the developmental aspects. It is in the most neglected areas of the country that Left wing extremism thrives today. These are also the main recruiting, grounds for naxalite outfits. While Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, Bihar, Orissa and Andhra Pradesh are in the forefront of naxal related activities today, many other states remain vulnerable. Authorities must personally take in hand what deliverables are possible even while preparing to meet naxalite violence through effective law & order measures.
* The real key in the fighting naxalite violence is the presence of Good Intelligence. This would involve effective integration of strategic and tactical intelligence, properly leavened with ground level information available at the level of the Police Stations. The Police is the first responder in naxal-related situations, and is a very important pole in this entire effort sensitizing the Police is therefore a critical requirement.
* Special training for Forces engaged in naxalite operations is equally important. Andhra Pradesh has an excellent training establishment for anti-naxalite operations.
* An 'Empowered Group' of Ministers is constituted headed by the Home Minister, which include selected Chief Ministers, to closely monitor the spread of the naxal movement. The Group could meet at frequent intervals and review special measures that need to be taken, nature of assistance, to be provided in order to facilitate furtherexchange of personnel between States.
* Terrorism
* Concern about the increasing activities of externally-inspired-and directed-terrorist outfits in the country is justified. Intelligence Agencies warn of a further intensification of violent activities on their part, with the possibility of more 'fidayeen' attacks; use of suicide bombers; attacks on economic and religious targets; targeting of vital installations, including nuclear establishments, Army Camps; and the like. Reports also suggest that terrorist modules and 'sleeper cells' exist in some of our urban areas, all of which highlight the seriousness of the threat.
* These are serious matters and we must find ways and means to deal with these decentralised micro-terrorist outfits. This will necessitate greater alertness on the part of the States and Local Intelligence Units, as, also the Police who possess a local advantage.
* Unless the 'best constable' is brought into the vortex of our counter-terrorist strategy, our capacity to pre-empt future attacks would be severely limited.
* In the battle against terrorism, the role of the public becomes more vital. A major effort is necessary on our part to sensitise the public into becoming allies in this war and persuade some of them to function as counter-terrorist 'wardens' who would report on any kind of unusual activity.
* Similarly, co-opting the Media and getting them to play more positive role would be useful and this should form part of an overall Media Management Strategy. None of this will, however, take place without your personal direction and involvement.
* The responsibility to ensure that this does not happen lies squarely upon all of us. It is unfortunate that terrorism has resulted in certain sections of our populations being targeted, with the result that a wrong impression has been created on the radicalization of the entire specific community. It is, hence, imperative that we embark immediately upon a proactive policy to ensure that a few individual acts do not result in tarnishing the image of an entire community and remove any feelings of persecution and alienation from the minds of targets.
* All religions recognize the existence of certain 'sacred values'. We should seek to highlight the commonality of such 'sacred values' and campaign against pernicious ideas and philosophies such as the "clash of civilizations. Instead we should propagate the idea of a 'confluence of civilizations'.
* 'Sacred values' are the ideals which are transcendental in nature. We should encourage sober elements in all communities to agree to a proper articulation of 'sacred values' for dissemination among people. Both education and the mass media must be actively encouraged to promote, this integrated vision.
In dealing with terrorism, scrupulous regard and respect for fundamental human rights of citizens, particularly of communities, ought to be a core concern of our law enforcement agencies. No innocent person should be harassed in our struggle against terrorism. If a mistake is made, effective remedial corrective measures must be taken well within time constraints. Government agencies, particularly law enforcement agencies must establish intimate contacts with community leaders and show adequate sensitivity to their concerns.
So the responsibility lies not only the government but the people by themselves must come forward in order to eradicate this nuisance of not only the Terrorism but also of the Terror.
Ankur Sachan
Increasingly also, they call up a closer cooperation between the Centre and the States.
Since this problem is no longer confined to a single state but encompasses several states, Integrated functioning in a federal set up such as ours, where law and order is a state subject, It is not easy but we must find ways and means to deal with this situation and rethink some of our past practices.
* Accessing The Situation
In order to deal with this issue, the main stress has to be on---
* Capacity Building and Upgrading the Capability Level of the states (as also that of the Centre).Capacity building at the state level is most crucial, and if there are any financial constraints, the Centre should be willing to provide necessary assistance. It is an urgent need to improve the number of security personnel to tackle this as without effective law and order socio-economic development would be next to impossible.
* More attention is needed to improve the 'Technical Hindrances' for the maintenance of law and order and peace.
This means improving intelligence generation and collection, as also the overall strengthening of IT Mechanism.
* Analytical capabilities need to be enhanced. Proper benchmarks need to be established against which progress and performance can be measured. The development in the North East and Jammu & Kashmir also needs to be reviewed. The Chief Ministers of the North- Eastern states and J&K shall recognize a fundamental reality, namely that in dealing with problems of peripheral states and societies. We need to be especially sensitive to the nuances of each situation and the encyclopaedic character of regional and tribal demands which if not anticipated and dealt with in time, could culminate in a full-fledged militancy. States like Manipur and Nagaland in the North East appear especially vulnerable today. There is little scope for personal predilections that override national considerations and requirements. The same can be said of J&K. Even though the situation has shown signs of improvements these past two years. We should remain on our guard in view of continuing efforts by anti-India and anti-national elements to whip-up emotions and transform these into a violent movement.
* Naxalite Movement
* The approach to the Naxalite problem needs a blend of firm, but sophisticated, handling of naxalite violence with sensitive handling of the developmental aspects. It is in the most neglected areas of the country that Left wing extremism thrives today. These are also the main recruiting, grounds for naxalite outfits. While Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, Bihar, Orissa and Andhra Pradesh are in the forefront of naxal related activities today, many other states remain vulnerable. Authorities must personally take in hand what deliverables are possible even while preparing to meet naxalite violence through effective law & order measures.
* The real key in the fighting naxalite violence is the presence of Good Intelligence. This would involve effective integration of strategic and tactical intelligence, properly leavened with ground level information available at the level of the Police Stations. The Police is the first responder in naxal-related situations, and is a very important pole in this entire effort sensitizing the Police is therefore a critical requirement.
* Special training for Forces engaged in naxalite operations is equally important. Andhra Pradesh has an excellent training establishment for anti-naxalite operations.
* An 'Empowered Group' of Ministers is constituted headed by the Home Minister, which include selected Chief Ministers, to closely monitor the spread of the naxal movement. The Group could meet at frequent intervals and review special measures that need to be taken, nature of assistance, to be provided in order to facilitate furtherexchange of personnel between States.
* Terrorism
* Concern about the increasing activities of externally-inspired-and directed-terrorist outfits in the country is justified. Intelligence Agencies warn of a further intensification of violent activities on their part, with the possibility of more 'fidayeen' attacks; use of suicide bombers; attacks on economic and religious targets; targeting of vital installations, including nuclear establishments, Army Camps; and the like. Reports also suggest that terrorist modules and 'sleeper cells' exist in some of our urban areas, all of which highlight the seriousness of the threat.
* These are serious matters and we must find ways and means to deal with these decentralised micro-terrorist outfits. This will necessitate greater alertness on the part of the States and Local Intelligence Units, as, also the Police who possess a local advantage.
* Unless the 'best constable' is brought into the vortex of our counter-terrorist strategy, our capacity to pre-empt future attacks would be severely limited.
* In the battle against terrorism, the role of the public becomes more vital. A major effort is necessary on our part to sensitise the public into becoming allies in this war and persuade some of them to function as counter-terrorist 'wardens' who would report on any kind of unusual activity.
* Similarly, co-opting the Media and getting them to play more positive role would be useful and this should form part of an overall Media Management Strategy. None of this will, however, take place without your personal direction and involvement.
* The responsibility to ensure that this does not happen lies squarely upon all of us. It is unfortunate that terrorism has resulted in certain sections of our populations being targeted, with the result that a wrong impression has been created on the radicalization of the entire specific community. It is, hence, imperative that we embark immediately upon a proactive policy to ensure that a few individual acts do not result in tarnishing the image of an entire community and remove any feelings of persecution and alienation from the minds of targets.
* All religions recognize the existence of certain 'sacred values'. We should seek to highlight the commonality of such 'sacred values' and campaign against pernicious ideas and philosophies such as the "clash of civilizations. Instead we should propagate the idea of a 'confluence of civilizations'.
* 'Sacred values' are the ideals which are transcendental in nature. We should encourage sober elements in all communities to agree to a proper articulation of 'sacred values' for dissemination among people. Both education and the mass media must be actively encouraged to promote, this integrated vision.
In dealing with terrorism, scrupulous regard and respect for fundamental human rights of citizens, particularly of communities, ought to be a core concern of our law enforcement agencies. No innocent person should be harassed in our struggle against terrorism. If a mistake is made, effective remedial corrective measures must be taken well within time constraints. Government agencies, particularly law enforcement agencies must establish intimate contacts with community leaders and show adequate sensitivity to their concerns.
So the responsibility lies not only the government but the people by themselves must come forward in order to eradicate this nuisance of not only the Terrorism but also of the Terror.
Ankur Sachan
ESSAY
ESSAY
Topic: - Is the criticism Indian tribes merely gaud and albatross to countries economic development justified?
Introduction to people of fourth world-The Indian Tribes
* India, country with Brobdingnagian collection of different racial, ethnic, linguistic and religious groups. With an agenda to safeguard, replenish and uplift immense diversity of its entire nation it phrases, adopted and enacted The Constitution of India. Securing to its all citizens justice, liberty, equality and fraternity via declaring herself as sovereign, secular, socialist and democratic republic.
* Among its large population of different social group Tribes form a major portion that are still in dark light of countrys fast growing economic development post 67 years of independence.
* Brief Introduction to Tribes
* Tribe forms a major portion with 8.2% of countries total population and sharing 15% of total countrys land. They live in distinct climatic, hilly and forest land condition called as area of isolation and people of fourth world.
* Main areas of concentration of Indian tribal
* The north eastern region (NER):-Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland, Sikkim and Tripura.
* The central tribal belt :- Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Chhattisgarh, Dadar & Nagar Haveli, Daman & Diu, Gujarat, Jharkhand, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Orissa, Rajasthan, and West Bengal.
* Other States and Union Territories: - Andaman & Nicobar Islands, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu & Kashmir, Karnataka, Kerala and Tamil Nadu.
* Gaps between tribals and general population
* Inadequate infrastructure and development facilities in tribal areas for education, roads, healthcare, communication, drinking water and sanitation.
* Characteristic of Tribes
* Indigenous and their own distinctive culture.
* Importance to traditional values and social ethos.
* Geographically isolated and low in socio-economic conditions.
* Reason behind Socio-economic backwardness
* Past and present colonialism.
* Their habitation in forests and hilly tracts resulting in the bypassing of general developmental programs.
* Poverty, unemployment, displacement, indebtedness, lack of opportunities, accessibility.
* Non homogeneous social-economic level among different tribal communities.
* Truckload of Govt. scheme for Tribal development
* Government of India has National Commission, 5th and 6th Schedule for the protection and administrative dispensation of tribals in the Central Indian States and North-Eastern Region States providing them with special provisions for their welfare and development.
* The Provision of Panchayats (Extension to the Scheduled Areas) Act, 1996 which confers special powers to Gramsabha in 5th Scheduled Areas.
* The National Tribal Policy covering various issues like alienation of tribal land, rehabilitation, displacement, tribal forest interface, resettlement etc.
* Tribal research institute providing planning inputs to state related to problem of tribes in respective states.
* The Tribal Sub-Plan (TSP) to raise economic and social status of tribals via integrated development effort to develop their agriculture, animal husbandry, irrigation, forestry, education, health and employment- Policy framework and administrative implementation strategy.
* Albatross to countries economic development
* To manifest the need of economic development planning commission in India initiated big development projects. Majority of them fall up in tribal areas and on the lands owned by tribals. Number of projects often called as economic development projects are as follows:-
* Irrigation and Power Projects
* Industries Projects
* Mining Projects
* Forest and Wildlife Projects
* These projects are taken up in areas rich in natural resources like water, minerals and ores and forests. These areas mostly inhibited by tribal people who called them a whammy to their society.
* Vast tracts of minerals wealth in India lie in tribal areas and on the lands owned by tribals but govt. complain that they rarely reap any benefit due to difficulties in acquiring land and tribals susceptible nature towards their land.
* Recent example a project in a joint venture between Sterlite Industries, a unit of Vedanta, and the Orissa Mining Corp, a state government enterprise wants to begin mining in Niyamgiri Hill, Orissa to feed Lanjigarh Aluminium refinery located in mineral rich state of Orissa which has stop its operating due to a shortage of bauxite.
* Niyamgiri Hill and its adjoining forest area, the house of the 8,000-strong Dongria Kondh tribal group who opposed this step to mine their land.
* Govt. stand
* Want to create jobs in an improvised region and bring tribal people into the economic mainstream.
* Private Company stand
* Promised to fund school, clinics and engage in income generation projects in the area.
* Dongria Kondh tribes stand
* Niyamgiri Hill a sacred mountain to them.
* They rely for their crops and livelihood for nearly a decade
* Mine would destroy the forest and disrupt the rivers in the Niyamgiri hills which are central to the livelihood and identity of 8000 strong tribes.
* Real Consequences of these mining projects
* Extensive displacement of tribals, loss of livelihood and identity and turn them to destitute.
* With the hope to benefit economic growth it would only trickle down to the poor community.
* It merely disturbed the traditional resource-utilization pattern and existing mode of production with an advanced mode of production.
* Process of acquiring land by govt. is an inevitable process leads to mass displacement of poor tribals.
* Land Rehabilitation & Resettlement Policy of govt. takes years for resettling displaced tribals lead to bulk migration of these communities towards states for searching small- small jobs.
* Govt. Failure and tribal win
* Our constitutional right of Right to liberty of worship.
* Wide international support via survival international which campaign for the right of tribes.
* International Labour organization (ILO) report on Indias indigenous population claims that more than half of the countries mineral wealth is obtained by violating the rights of tribals.
* This international pressure and religious right helped Dongria Kondh to save their land and culture. But there are so many tribal masses who are the culprits of economic development.
* One question came to this is tribal win in this case is purely due to worship right or international pressure or both, and if there might be absence of both (worship right and international pressure as in many of past cases) tribes would have lost.
* Economic Burden on Government
With the advent of new technology in succession with the standard of living it encumbrance the government responsibility which further leads to condone tribes subsistence and using its eminent domain to fulfill its need. This put a sequence of questions to all citizens of India for whom constitution was phrased to uplift and secure them.
* Is countrys economic development is above 15% tribal citizens and can only be developed by riding on their livelihood.
* Are we ignoring our brother and sisters right to enjoy countries independence and economic development and condign censure for being a tribe?
* Measures that Govt. must take to ensure this would not happen again
* Govt. must stand for rather than provocative measure like eminent domain.
* Help them by creating infrastructure necessary for agriculture growth.
* Knowledge them to participate in agriculture growth and thereby increasing countrys GDP.
* Creating market for tribes who are engaged with fishing, horticulture activities.
* Policy making is rather simpler task than execution and implementation; govt. must take several measures to successfully implement her policies.
* What if Govt. continues to enact provocative measure like eminent domain?
* Displacement of tribals from their land leads to disturbance of their life, livelihood and destruction of their social, cultural, religious and economic traditions.
* Various international organizations taking advantage their vulnerable nature might try to seditious them, handling over illegal arms which lead to formation of new naxalism or mujahidin groups. Putting them back in the backwardness of economic development.
* Conclusion
* In short post-independence period various measures govt. has initiated for their up-liftment which are very well appreciated but some important factors are overlooked.
* It is no harm to accept that we are wrong somewhere in the line that is why Supreme Court and our acts are not accepted internationally. Govt. should reconsider her act and not criticize tribals by words like gaud and albatross to countries economic development and helps nation to build spirit of togetherness.
* References:-
1. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/india/10253003/Indian-tribals-reject-Vedantas-mining-proposal-in-sacred-hills.html
2. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/india/10234593/Tribal-peoples-victory-over-Vedanta-historic-moment.html
3. http://tribesindia.com/
4. http://www.downtoearth.org.in/content/has-government-weakened-its-case-against-vedanta
5. http://www.cseindia.org/
6. http://www.survivalinternational.org/news/5546
7. Geography of India Majid Husain, Chapter 13 Culture Setting
8. Creation of essay title- Taken help from UPSC CS 2012 Essay Paper
9. http://tribal.nic.in/Content/IntroductionScheduledTribes.aspx
10. Factors Influencing Socio-Economic Status of the Primitive Tribal Groups (PTGs) and Plain Tribes in Andhra Pradesh (A Logistic Regression Analysis) by M. Sundara Rao and 2B. Lakshmana Rao,Andhra University, Visakhapatnam, A.P., India, Dr. B.R Ambedkar University, Etcherla, A.P., India.
11. Development, Displacement and Rehabilitation of Tribal People: A Case Study of Orissa by Sujit Kumar Mishra, Department of Economics, School of Social Science, University of Hyderabad 500 046, Andhra Pradesh, India.
Name : - Tarun Kumar Sharma
Topic: - Is the criticism Indian tribes merely gaud and albatross to countries economic development justified?
Introduction to people of fourth world-The Indian Tribes
* India, country with Brobdingnagian collection of different racial, ethnic, linguistic and religious groups. With an agenda to safeguard, replenish and uplift immense diversity of its entire nation it phrases, adopted and enacted The Constitution of India. Securing to its all citizens justice, liberty, equality and fraternity via declaring herself as sovereign, secular, socialist and democratic republic.
* Among its large population of different social group Tribes form a major portion that are still in dark light of countrys fast growing economic development post 67 years of independence.
* Brief Introduction to Tribes
* Tribe forms a major portion with 8.2% of countries total population and sharing 15% of total countrys land. They live in distinct climatic, hilly and forest land condition called as area of isolation and people of fourth world.
* Main areas of concentration of Indian tribal
* The north eastern region (NER):-Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland, Sikkim and Tripura.
* The central tribal belt :- Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Chhattisgarh, Dadar & Nagar Haveli, Daman & Diu, Gujarat, Jharkhand, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Orissa, Rajasthan, and West Bengal.
* Other States and Union Territories: - Andaman & Nicobar Islands, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu & Kashmir, Karnataka, Kerala and Tamil Nadu.
* Gaps between tribals and general population
* Inadequate infrastructure and development facilities in tribal areas for education, roads, healthcare, communication, drinking water and sanitation.
* Characteristic of Tribes
* Indigenous and their own distinctive culture.
* Importance to traditional values and social ethos.
* Geographically isolated and low in socio-economic conditions.
* Reason behind Socio-economic backwardness
* Past and present colonialism.
* Their habitation in forests and hilly tracts resulting in the bypassing of general developmental programs.
* Poverty, unemployment, displacement, indebtedness, lack of opportunities, accessibility.
* Non homogeneous social-economic level among different tribal communities.
* Truckload of Govt. scheme for Tribal development
* Government of India has National Commission, 5th and 6th Schedule for the protection and administrative dispensation of tribals in the Central Indian States and North-Eastern Region States providing them with special provisions for their welfare and development.
* The Provision of Panchayats (Extension to the Scheduled Areas) Act, 1996 which confers special powers to Gramsabha in 5th Scheduled Areas.
* The National Tribal Policy covering various issues like alienation of tribal land, rehabilitation, displacement, tribal forest interface, resettlement etc.
* Tribal research institute providing planning inputs to state related to problem of tribes in respective states.
* The Tribal Sub-Plan (TSP) to raise economic and social status of tribals via integrated development effort to develop their agriculture, animal husbandry, irrigation, forestry, education, health and employment- Policy framework and administrative implementation strategy.
* Albatross to countries economic development
* To manifest the need of economic development planning commission in India initiated big development projects. Majority of them fall up in tribal areas and on the lands owned by tribals. Number of projects often called as economic development projects are as follows:-
* Irrigation and Power Projects
* Industries Projects
* Mining Projects
* Forest and Wildlife Projects
* These projects are taken up in areas rich in natural resources like water, minerals and ores and forests. These areas mostly inhibited by tribal people who called them a whammy to their society.
* Vast tracts of minerals wealth in India lie in tribal areas and on the lands owned by tribals but govt. complain that they rarely reap any benefit due to difficulties in acquiring land and tribals susceptible nature towards their land.
* Recent example a project in a joint venture between Sterlite Industries, a unit of Vedanta, and the Orissa Mining Corp, a state government enterprise wants to begin mining in Niyamgiri Hill, Orissa to feed Lanjigarh Aluminium refinery located in mineral rich state of Orissa which has stop its operating due to a shortage of bauxite.
* Niyamgiri Hill and its adjoining forest area, the house of the 8,000-strong Dongria Kondh tribal group who opposed this step to mine their land.
* Govt. stand
* Want to create jobs in an improvised region and bring tribal people into the economic mainstream.
* Private Company stand
* Promised to fund school, clinics and engage in income generation projects in the area.
* Dongria Kondh tribes stand
* Niyamgiri Hill a sacred mountain to them.
* They rely for their crops and livelihood for nearly a decade
* Mine would destroy the forest and disrupt the rivers in the Niyamgiri hills which are central to the livelihood and identity of 8000 strong tribes.
* Real Consequences of these mining projects
* Extensive displacement of tribals, loss of livelihood and identity and turn them to destitute.
* With the hope to benefit economic growth it would only trickle down to the poor community.
* It merely disturbed the traditional resource-utilization pattern and existing mode of production with an advanced mode of production.
* Process of acquiring land by govt. is an inevitable process leads to mass displacement of poor tribals.
* Land Rehabilitation & Resettlement Policy of govt. takes years for resettling displaced tribals lead to bulk migration of these communities towards states for searching small- small jobs.
* Govt. Failure and tribal win
* Our constitutional right of Right to liberty of worship.
* Wide international support via survival international which campaign for the right of tribes.
* International Labour organization (ILO) report on Indias indigenous population claims that more than half of the countries mineral wealth is obtained by violating the rights of tribals.
* This international pressure and religious right helped Dongria Kondh to save their land and culture. But there are so many tribal masses who are the culprits of economic development.
* One question came to this is tribal win in this case is purely due to worship right or international pressure or both, and if there might be absence of both (worship right and international pressure as in many of past cases) tribes would have lost.
* Economic Burden on Government
With the advent of new technology in succession with the standard of living it encumbrance the government responsibility which further leads to condone tribes subsistence and using its eminent domain to fulfill its need. This put a sequence of questions to all citizens of India for whom constitution was phrased to uplift and secure them.
* Is countrys economic development is above 15% tribal citizens and can only be developed by riding on their livelihood.
* Are we ignoring our brother and sisters right to enjoy countries independence and economic development and condign censure for being a tribe?
* Measures that Govt. must take to ensure this would not happen again
* Govt. must stand for rather than provocative measure like eminent domain.
* Help them by creating infrastructure necessary for agriculture growth.
* Knowledge them to participate in agriculture growth and thereby increasing countrys GDP.
* Creating market for tribes who are engaged with fishing, horticulture activities.
* Policy making is rather simpler task than execution and implementation; govt. must take several measures to successfully implement her policies.
* What if Govt. continues to enact provocative measure like eminent domain?
* Displacement of tribals from their land leads to disturbance of their life, livelihood and destruction of their social, cultural, religious and economic traditions.
* Various international organizations taking advantage their vulnerable nature might try to seditious them, handling over illegal arms which lead to formation of new naxalism or mujahidin groups. Putting them back in the backwardness of economic development.
* Conclusion
* In short post-independence period various measures govt. has initiated for their up-liftment which are very well appreciated but some important factors are overlooked.
* It is no harm to accept that we are wrong somewhere in the line that is why Supreme Court and our acts are not accepted internationally. Govt. should reconsider her act and not criticize tribals by words like gaud and albatross to countries economic development and helps nation to build spirit of togetherness.
* References:-
1. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/india/10253003/Indian-tribals-reject-Vedantas-mining-proposal-in-sacred-hills.html
2. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/india/10234593/Tribal-peoples-victory-over-Vedanta-historic-moment.html
3. http://tribesindia.com/
4. http://www.downtoearth.org.in/content/has-government-weakened-its-case-against-vedanta
5. http://www.cseindia.org/
6. http://www.survivalinternational.org/news/5546
7. Geography of India Majid Husain, Chapter 13 Culture Setting
8. Creation of essay title- Taken help from UPSC CS 2012 Essay Paper
9. http://tribal.nic.in/Content/IntroductionScheduledTribes.aspx
10. Factors Influencing Socio-Economic Status of the Primitive Tribal Groups (PTGs) and Plain Tribes in Andhra Pradesh (A Logistic Regression Analysis) by M. Sundara Rao and 2B. Lakshmana Rao,Andhra University, Visakhapatnam, A.P., India, Dr. B.R Ambedkar University, Etcherla, A.P., India.
11. Development, Displacement and Rehabilitation of Tribal People: A Case Study of Orissa by Sujit Kumar Mishra, Department of Economics, School of Social Science, University of Hyderabad 500 046, Andhra Pradesh, India.
Name : - Tarun Kumar Sharma
Clouds , Ocean Currents , Cyclone Phalin, Helen and Typhoon
Clouds , Ocean Currents , Cyclone Phalin, Helen and Typhoon Haiyan
1. Prologue
2. Dawn & Twilight
3. Clouds & Precipitation
4. Relative Humidity
5. Types of Precipitation & Forms of Precipitation
6. Classification of clouds
7. Cloud Burst/ Cloud Seeding
8. Ocean Currents (Warm and Cold).
9. Cyclone Phalin (And excellent work by Indian Government)/ Cyclone Helen (On the way)
10. Typhoon Haiyan
Note An article for GS-1 only. (Not for students with Geography as optional). As very few articles written on geography subject so writing this one.
Dawn and Twilight
The diffused light that occurs before sunrise and after sunset. Light is scattered by the molecules of the atmospheric gases & reflected by dust and moisture so that, the atmosphere is illuminated. Such effects may be enhanced by the presence of pollution & other suspended particles, such as those from volcanic eruption or forest fires.
The duration of Dawn & Twilight is a function of latitude because the angle of the suns path above the horizon, determines the thickness of atmosphere, through which the suns rays must pass.
Lower Suns angles(higher latitudes) produce longer dawn & the twilight period
For e.g at Equator (each dawn & twilight) == 30-35 min
At 60 degree (each dawn & twilight) ranges upward == 2.5 hours
The poles experience about 7 weeks of Dawn & 7 weeks of Twilight, leaving only about 2.5 months of near darkness during the 6 months when the sun is completely below the Horizon
Just an example Students interested in tennis will certainly remember this Roger Federer vs Nadal match at Wimbeldon(London) finals 2008, went way past beyond 9.30pm BST(British standard time) and still there was light on the ground. That was due to the 2.5 hours dawn and twilight
Clouds
Cloud The visible manifestation of condensation on a large scale in nature is referred to as cloud. (Will explain condensation later no need to worry).
Clouds form when air happens to cool to dew point & the vapor condenses into water droplets or ice-crystals
Condensation Laymen e.g
Condensation -The process by which water vapor in the air is changed into liquid water. Water vapor rises, cooler temperatures cause it to condense to form tiny water droplets or ice crystals in the clouds
Condensation also occurs at ground level. The difference between fog and clouds which form above Earth's surface is that rising air is not required to form fog. Fog develops when air has a relatively high humidity and comes in contact with a colder surface. Additional cooling leads to condensation and the increase of low-level clouds.
Two Conditions necessary for cloud formation are
1. Air must saturated
2. There must be a substantial quantity of small particles called condensation nuclei. Around these particles liquid droplets can form when vapour condenses
Relative Humidity (RH)
It is the best known means of describing the content of water vapor in atmosphere. It is simply the ratio between the amount of water vapor in air of a given temp & the maximum amount of vapor that the air could hold at that temp
Note - If the air is at 100-percent relative humidity(RH), sweat will not evaporate into the air. As a result, we feel much hotter than the actual temperature when the relative humidity is high.
Humidity can be measured in several ways, but relative humidity is the most common.
Absolute humidity is the mass of water vapor divided by the mass of dry air in a volume of air at a given temperature. The hotter the air is, the more water it can contain.
Relative humidity is the ratio of the current absolute humidity to the highest possible absolute humidity (which depends on the current air temperature). A reading of 100 percent relative humidity means that the air is totally saturated with water vapor and cannot hold any more, creating the possibility of rain.
Precipitation - Precipitation is any form of moisture which falls to the earth. This includes rain, snow, hail and sleet.
Precipitation occurs when water vapor cools. When the air reaches saturation point (also known as condensation point and dew point) the water vapor condenses and forms tiny droplets of water. These tiny droplets of water from clouds.
Complex forces cause the water droplets to fall as rainfall.
All rain is the same. It happens as the result of warm, moist air being cooled, leading to condensation and in turn rain.
The way the air is uplifted to make clouds is referred to as type of precipitation (Thoda sa toh lift karade). 3 Major types of precipitation
1. Convectional
2. Frontal
3. Oro-graphic (Barrier)
Convectional Precipitation Because of the suns differential latitude & happens only in lower latitudes
Step 1.
The sun heats the ground and warm air rises.
Step 2
As the air rises it cools and water vapor condenses to form clouds.
Step 3.When the condensation point is reached large cumulonimbus clouds (explained later) are formed.
Step 4.
Heavy rain storms occur. These usually include thunder and lightning due to the electrical charge created by unstable conditions.
Convective precipitation is showery with large rain drops coming fast but only for a short duration. This precipitation is restricted in terms of latitude, season & time of day.
Frontal Precipitation This takes place especially in middle latitudes (example UK), when two contrasting air masses meet, the warm air rises. This occurs when a warm air mass and a cold air mass meet. A warm front is discovered when warm air advances and rises over the cold, which is heavier and denser. As this warm air rises it also cools causing condensation takes places. If this condensation continues there will be a growth in warm droplets which fall as rain when heavy enough.
Step 1.An area of warm air meets and area of cold air.
Step 2.The warm air is forced over the cold air
Step 3.Where the air meets the warm air is cooled and water vapour condenses.
Step 4.Clouds form and precipitation occurs
Oro-graphic Precipitation/Relief Rainfall
This precipitation can occur at any latitude, any season, any time of the day, if there is a barrier & moist air(air that is a mixture of dry air and any amount of water vapor) is forced to move up. It is more likely to be general & prolonged because there is relatively steady upslope flow of air.
Step 1.Warm wet air is forced to rise over high land.
Step 2.As the air rises it cools and condenses. Clouds form and precipitation occurs.
Step 3.The drier air descends and warms.
Step 4.
Any moisture in the air (e.g. cloud) evaporates.
Classification of clouds (by luke howard in 1803)
2 Dimensions of cloud a) shape b)height
Shape
Howard used 3 latin words for designating 3 standard shapes
1. Cirrus (Lock of curly hair)
2. Stratus (A Layer sheet/sheet/ceiling)
3. Cumulus (a heap or a pile)
Howard also used the word Nimbus which means a rain-bearing cloud.
Height
The height at which a cloud is formed. ( 3 sub-types)
1. High cloud ( clouds found at an elevation above 6000 meter(m))
2. Middle clouds (clouds found at an elevation between 2000 6000 m)
3. Low clouds (clouds found at an elevation below 2000 m )
Note High clouds are usually cirrus in shape and low clouds are stratus in shape. And the cloud with great vertical extent are mainly cumulus in shape.
Clouds in detail
1. High Clouds Mainly cirrus (Ci) of feathery ,form at 20,000-40,000 feet (6 to 12 km) above earths surface.
1. Cirrus (ci) = Cirrus clouds appear as white delicate, wispy (thin & weak) stripes or fans that often curve with the wind. It indicates fair weather & often gives a brilliant sunset.
2. Cirro-cumulus = These clouds create patterns of patchy cotton balls high in the sky.
3. Cirro-stratus =It may cover the sky with a milky blanket, still allowing some weak sunlight & moon light to filter through.
2. Medium clouds(2000 -6000 m) Also called as ALTO
4. Alto cumulus = these are wooly bumpy clouds arranged in layers & appearing like waves in the blue sky. Note = these clouds normally indicate fine weather.
2. Alto Stratus (Alt-str) = these usually consist of a solid, thick layer of clouds that dont let in enough sunlight to penetrate to the ground to let shadows form
3. Low clouds (Below 2000 m)
1. Strato cumulus = These clouds are low & lumpy, usually with frequent gaps where sun-light or moon-light shines through
2. Stratus Clouds = These clouds give the sky an over cast appreance & can resemble Fog
3. Nimbo Stratus = This is a dark dull cloud, clearly layered & is also known as Rain cloud.
Forms of Precipitation
1. Rain (Diameter ranging from 0.5 mm to 6 mm (mm = milli metre)). This is the most common form caused due to
1. When dew point temperature is more than freezing
2. Melting of Ice-crystals, as they pass through warmer air
2. Snow Solid precipitation which happens in middle & higher latitudes and also Higher altitudes of lower latitudes. Snow is usually dry & powdery.
e.g Higher altitudes of lower latitudes (Mt Kenya 5199 m = its feet on equator & peak on snow covered area).
3) Sleet = Mixture of Rain + snow/hail
4) Hail = Consists of rounded or irregular pellets or lumps of ice. Large hail stones are usually composed of concentric layers of clear & cloudy ice. Hail is produced in cummulo Nimbus clouds as a result of active Turbulence & vertical air currents.
5) Drizzle = (less that 0.5 mm). Spray like rainfall in water drops which are of an extremely small size having a diameter of less than 0.5mm & fall at very slow pace. These drops have their origin in low & thin stratus clouds. E.g fog and mist which occur at ground level, drizzle adversely affects visibility.
Some important terms
Cloud Burst used for sudden & very concentrated down pour of water.
Area affect is quite small and cloud burst is caused by intense local convectional rising. Note please refer convectional rising. And now question for all of you then how did cloud burst happen in Uttrakhand ??
Cloud Seeding or Govt Rain
Cloud Seeding Introduction into clouds, of condensation Nuclie, Salt particles or water droplets with objective to induce more precipitation. Believe by scientist (Solid co2 pallets i.e dry ice & silver iodide smoke can enhance cloud growth & hence increase precipitation)
SMOG = SMOKE + FOG (Termed used in early 20th centuary)
1. But Today it is used especially to refer to photo-chemical fog. (It is a haze produced when insulation reacts with Hydro-carbons & nitric oxides present in vehicles emission)
2. Greatest of all smog related disaster was London smog in 1952, when approx 4000 people died from health disorders caused by the smog.
Ocean Currents(In a nut-shell only for GS-I)
An ocean current is any more or less permanent or continuous, directed movement of ocean water that flows in one of the Earth's oceans. The currents are generated from the forces acting upon the water like the earth's rotation, the wind, the temperature and salinity differences and the gravitation of the moon.
Ocean currents can flow for thousands of kilometers. They are very important in determining the climates of the continents, especially those regions bordering on the ocean.
Generally the term ocean current is used to horizontal movement in the upper most 100 metre of water called surface layer. The ocean current are classified as warm and cold on a relative basis with respect to the surrounding waters. The so called warm & cold currents usually exhibit temperatures that differ by only a few degrees from those of the surrounding waters.
In general the currents moving from lower to the higher latitudes are warm currents & the ones which are moving from the higher to lower latitudes are called cold current. The current near the equator are generally classified as warm current.
On the basis of volume of water, speed & dimensions the ocean currents are classified as
1. Drifts (Refers to slow motion of surface layer, with no clear boundaries. The movement of water is erratic in terms of direction. Speed may be between 16-24 km/day)
2. Currents (refers to surface movement, which is more rapidly & more defined than the drift. Speed is 6-8 km/hour)
3. Streams (refers to surface motion, which is much more well defined, its boundaries are more clearly identifiable.)
Some important examples of ocean current
Warm Currents(lower to higher latitudes/ Ascending order)
1. North Equatorial current
2. South Equatorial current
3. Equatorial counter current
4. North Pacific current
5. Kuru Shio or Japan current
6. East Australia current
7. Brazil Current
8. Gulf Stream
9. North Atlantic Drift
10. Mozambique Current
Cold Currents (Higher to lower latitudes/ Descending order)
11. Labrador Current
2. South West & North East Monsoon Drift
3. Bengula Current
4. Falkland Current
5. Oya Shio/Kamchatka Current
6. West Australian Current
Warm and cold Currents Diagram(Please remember Latitudes high to low(Descending = cold)/ low to high(Ascending = warm))
Cyclone Phalin 2013
Severe Cyclonic Storm Phailin ( meaning "sapphire") was a powerful tropical cyclone that caused substantial damage(Note - 21 people dead), in Andhra Pradesh and Orissa, India. It was the most intense cyclone that crossed Indian coast after the 1999 Odisha cyclone (Note- more than 10,000 people died during 1999 cyclone)
Over 200,000 hectares of agricultural land and 200,000 houses have been destroyed, as per the state government. Power transmission was also crippled in the district as 40 transmission towers were eradicated by the cyclone's fury. Balasore and Mayurbhanj districts were severely affected by heavy floods, and rescue operations are going on. In Balasore alone, 300,000 people are stuck because of the flooding.In Andhra Pradesh the damage was less, but still considerable. Coconut plantations across 3,200 hectares in the Srikakulum district have been damaged and power supply affected. However, power supply is being restored shortly and roads have been cleared for transportation.
Areas Affected by Cyclone Phailin
Balasore, Bhadrak, Mayurbhanj, Keonjhar, Dhenkanal, Jajpur, Cuttack, Kendrapara, Jagatsinghpur, Puri, Khurda, Nayagarh, Ganjam and Gajapati.
Even though Phailin weakened slightly prior to landfall, destructive winds well over 160 kmph (100 mph) and flooding rain of at least 200 mm (8 inches) pummeled the region. A crippling storm surge of at least 3 meters (10 feet) is expected to have swamped the coast near and just northeast of the point of landfall.
The 4 major reasons for the disaster to have less impact (And ofcourse Indian Government has to be applauded for the magnificent work)
1. Effective storm warnings by Indian Meteorological Department(IMD)
2. Evacuations (that too quick)
3. Location of Phailins landfall and its geography
4. The storm substantially weakened prior to and during landfall
Cyclone Helen
Cyclonic storm Helen Friday hit Andhra Pradesh(Not again) coast near Machilipatnam, triggering heavy rains and strong gales with speed reaching 100-110 kmph caused havoc in the coastal districts of Krishna and two Godavari districts.
What is Cyclone ?
A cyclone is a strong wind storm are also called as violent wind storms. Tropical cyclones begin over warm tropical seas in areas of low atmospheric pressure. The warm, moist air begins to spiral and becomes a strong, circling, wind storm.
A cyclone is a large wind system that moves around an area of low atmospheric pressure. It can spread over 500 miles (800 kilometers) in diameter. Low pressure usually develops in large land areas where the air tends to rise. Surrounding air moves toward the low-pressure area and starts to circulate, either clockwise or counterclockwise, depending on whether the cyclone is in the Northern or Southern hemisphere. Cyclones can produce cloudy weather and broad areas of rain and even snow
Cyclones can change direction suddenly, which makes it very difficult for meteorologists to forecast what will happen. Tropical cyclones bring heavy rain and cause high waves. Cyclones move at up to 360 kilometres per hour, bringing heavy rain. The wind and rain causes lots of damage when the cyclone crosses over coastal land.
Typhoon Haiyen
Typhoon Haiyan made landfall in the Philippines. Tens or hundreds of thousands of people displaced and basic services, including access to food, shut down in many areas. Speed of wind 315 kmph.
The typhoon cut a path through the middle of this island country a direct hit on about 10 percent of the population
Some Questions that passed through my mind. (Please avoid it unless you are just a starter like me)
1. What is the difference between hurricane, cyclone and typhoon?
"Hurricane", "cyclone" and "typhoon" are different terms for the same weather phenomenon which is accompanied by torrential rain and maximum sustained wind speeds (near centre) exceeding 119 kilometers per hour(kmph)
* In the western North Atlantic, central and eastern North Pacific, Caribbean Sea and Gulf of Mexico, such a weather phenomenon is called "hurricanes".
* In the western North Pacific, it is called "typhoons".
* In the Bay of Bengal and Arabian Sea, it is called "cyclones".
* In western South Pacific and southeast India Ocean, it is called severe tropical cyclones.
* In the southwest India Ocean, it is called tropical cyclones.
2. When do tropical cyclones occur?
* The typhoon season in the western North Pacific region typically runs from May to November. The Americas/Caribbean hurricane season runs from June 1 to November 30, peaking in August and September. The cyclone season in South Pacific and Australia normally runs from November to April. In the Bay of Bengal and Arabian Sea, tropical cyclones usually occur from April to June, and September to November (Cyclone Phalin Oct 12th 2013). The East Coast of Africa normally experiences tropical cyclones from November to April.
Reasons for Cyclone (In a nut-shell only)
As warm, moist air over the ocean rises up from the ocean surface, there is less air left near the surface, and this causes an area of lower air pressure below.
The air around this region has higher air pressure, and so it rushes in to fill the low pressure area This air also becomes warm and moist and so it rises, too. The cycle keeps going.
Warm air rises, the surrounding air swirls in to take its place, and so on. When the warm moist air rises, it cools off, and the water in the air forms clouds. The whole system of clouds and wind spins and grows, because it is being constantly fed by the ocean's heat and water evaporating from the surface.
Cyclones can only form over warm waters in the tropical regions of the oceans where the sea temperatures are 26.5 degrees Celsius or higher (around 80 degrees F)
They occur in areas of very low pressure when air that is heated by the sun rises rapidly, and becomes saturated with moisture which then condenses into high thundercloud. As the atmosphere becomes favorable for development (no wind shearing in the higher parts of the atmosphere), normal thunder storms clump together. When the hot air rises, cooler air rushes in to fill the area left vacant by the hot air. The Coriolis effect of the Earth spinning on its axis causes the air to spiral upwards with considerable force. This in turn causes the winds to rotate faster, causing the tropical low to deepen in intensity into a tropical depression, and eventually a cyclone
Cyclones are also characterized by strong winds, yet in their centre is a clear, calm region called the 'eye'. When the cyclone continues its course, and the winds return from the other direction, they may seem to be more violent. The winds are not just rotating; there is also the effect of the warmer air continually rising and cold air rushing in. That is why the winds are so strong, and seem to move in all directions.
Just for fun (Whose gives names to cyclone e.g Phalin , Helen or typhoon Haiyen)
The name list is proposed by the National Meteorological and Hydrological Services (NMHSs) of WMO Members of a specific region, and approved by the respective tropical cyclone regional bodies at their annual/bi-annual sessions
Name Arun Chettiar
References - The Hindu
www.google.com
G C Leong Book
Atlas Map
1. Prologue
2. Dawn & Twilight
3. Clouds & Precipitation
4. Relative Humidity
5. Types of Precipitation & Forms of Precipitation
6. Classification of clouds
7. Cloud Burst/ Cloud Seeding
8. Ocean Currents (Warm and Cold).
9. Cyclone Phalin (And excellent work by Indian Government)/ Cyclone Helen (On the way)
10. Typhoon Haiyan
Note An article for GS-1 only. (Not for students with Geography as optional). As very few articles written on geography subject so writing this one.
Dawn and Twilight
The diffused light that occurs before sunrise and after sunset. Light is scattered by the molecules of the atmospheric gases & reflected by dust and moisture so that, the atmosphere is illuminated. Such effects may be enhanced by the presence of pollution & other suspended particles, such as those from volcanic eruption or forest fires.
The duration of Dawn & Twilight is a function of latitude because the angle of the suns path above the horizon, determines the thickness of atmosphere, through which the suns rays must pass.
Lower Suns angles(higher latitudes) produce longer dawn & the twilight period
For e.g at Equator (each dawn & twilight) == 30-35 min
At 60 degree (each dawn & twilight) ranges upward == 2.5 hours
The poles experience about 7 weeks of Dawn & 7 weeks of Twilight, leaving only about 2.5 months of near darkness during the 6 months when the sun is completely below the Horizon
Just an example Students interested in tennis will certainly remember this Roger Federer vs Nadal match at Wimbeldon(London) finals 2008, went way past beyond 9.30pm BST(British standard time) and still there was light on the ground. That was due to the 2.5 hours dawn and twilight
Clouds
Cloud The visible manifestation of condensation on a large scale in nature is referred to as cloud. (Will explain condensation later no need to worry).
Clouds form when air happens to cool to dew point & the vapor condenses into water droplets or ice-crystals
Condensation Laymen e.g
Condensation -The process by which water vapor in the air is changed into liquid water. Water vapor rises, cooler temperatures cause it to condense to form tiny water droplets or ice crystals in the clouds
Condensation also occurs at ground level. The difference between fog and clouds which form above Earth's surface is that rising air is not required to form fog. Fog develops when air has a relatively high humidity and comes in contact with a colder surface. Additional cooling leads to condensation and the increase of low-level clouds.
Two Conditions necessary for cloud formation are
1. Air must saturated
2. There must be a substantial quantity of small particles called condensation nuclei. Around these particles liquid droplets can form when vapour condenses
Relative Humidity (RH)
It is the best known means of describing the content of water vapor in atmosphere. It is simply the ratio between the amount of water vapor in air of a given temp & the maximum amount of vapor that the air could hold at that temp
Note - If the air is at 100-percent relative humidity(RH), sweat will not evaporate into the air. As a result, we feel much hotter than the actual temperature when the relative humidity is high.
Humidity can be measured in several ways, but relative humidity is the most common.
Absolute humidity is the mass of water vapor divided by the mass of dry air in a volume of air at a given temperature. The hotter the air is, the more water it can contain.
Relative humidity is the ratio of the current absolute humidity to the highest possible absolute humidity (which depends on the current air temperature). A reading of 100 percent relative humidity means that the air is totally saturated with water vapor and cannot hold any more, creating the possibility of rain.
Precipitation - Precipitation is any form of moisture which falls to the earth. This includes rain, snow, hail and sleet.
Precipitation occurs when water vapor cools. When the air reaches saturation point (also known as condensation point and dew point) the water vapor condenses and forms tiny droplets of water. These tiny droplets of water from clouds.
Complex forces cause the water droplets to fall as rainfall.
All rain is the same. It happens as the result of warm, moist air being cooled, leading to condensation and in turn rain.
The way the air is uplifted to make clouds is referred to as type of precipitation (Thoda sa toh lift karade). 3 Major types of precipitation
1. Convectional
2. Frontal
3. Oro-graphic (Barrier)
Convectional Precipitation Because of the suns differential latitude & happens only in lower latitudes
Step 1.
The sun heats the ground and warm air rises.
Step 2
As the air rises it cools and water vapor condenses to form clouds.
Step 3.When the condensation point is reached large cumulonimbus clouds (explained later) are formed.
Step 4.
Heavy rain storms occur. These usually include thunder and lightning due to the electrical charge created by unstable conditions.
Convective precipitation is showery with large rain drops coming fast but only for a short duration. This precipitation is restricted in terms of latitude, season & time of day.
Frontal Precipitation This takes place especially in middle latitudes (example UK), when two contrasting air masses meet, the warm air rises. This occurs when a warm air mass and a cold air mass meet. A warm front is discovered when warm air advances and rises over the cold, which is heavier and denser. As this warm air rises it also cools causing condensation takes places. If this condensation continues there will be a growth in warm droplets which fall as rain when heavy enough.
Step 1.An area of warm air meets and area of cold air.
Step 2.The warm air is forced over the cold air
Step 3.Where the air meets the warm air is cooled and water vapour condenses.
Step 4.Clouds form and precipitation occurs
Oro-graphic Precipitation/Relief Rainfall
This precipitation can occur at any latitude, any season, any time of the day, if there is a barrier & moist air(air that is a mixture of dry air and any amount of water vapor) is forced to move up. It is more likely to be general & prolonged because there is relatively steady upslope flow of air.
Step 1.Warm wet air is forced to rise over high land.
Step 2.As the air rises it cools and condenses. Clouds form and precipitation occurs.
Step 3.The drier air descends and warms.
Step 4.
Any moisture in the air (e.g. cloud) evaporates.
Classification of clouds (by luke howard in 1803)
2 Dimensions of cloud a) shape b)height
Shape
Howard used 3 latin words for designating 3 standard shapes
1. Cirrus (Lock of curly hair)
2. Stratus (A Layer sheet/sheet/ceiling)
3. Cumulus (a heap or a pile)
Howard also used the word Nimbus which means a rain-bearing cloud.
Height
The height at which a cloud is formed. ( 3 sub-types)
1. High cloud ( clouds found at an elevation above 6000 meter(m))
2. Middle clouds (clouds found at an elevation between 2000 6000 m)
3. Low clouds (clouds found at an elevation below 2000 m )
Note High clouds are usually cirrus in shape and low clouds are stratus in shape. And the cloud with great vertical extent are mainly cumulus in shape.
Clouds in detail
1. High Clouds Mainly cirrus (Ci) of feathery ,form at 20,000-40,000 feet (6 to 12 km) above earths surface.
1. Cirrus (ci) = Cirrus clouds appear as white delicate, wispy (thin & weak) stripes or fans that often curve with the wind. It indicates fair weather & often gives a brilliant sunset.
2. Cirro-cumulus = These clouds create patterns of patchy cotton balls high in the sky.
3. Cirro-stratus =It may cover the sky with a milky blanket, still allowing some weak sunlight & moon light to filter through.
2. Medium clouds(2000 -6000 m) Also called as ALTO
4. Alto cumulus = these are wooly bumpy clouds arranged in layers & appearing like waves in the blue sky. Note = these clouds normally indicate fine weather.
2. Alto Stratus (Alt-str) = these usually consist of a solid, thick layer of clouds that dont let in enough sunlight to penetrate to the ground to let shadows form
3. Low clouds (Below 2000 m)
1. Strato cumulus = These clouds are low & lumpy, usually with frequent gaps where sun-light or moon-light shines through
2. Stratus Clouds = These clouds give the sky an over cast appreance & can resemble Fog
3. Nimbo Stratus = This is a dark dull cloud, clearly layered & is also known as Rain cloud.
Forms of Precipitation
1. Rain (Diameter ranging from 0.5 mm to 6 mm (mm = milli metre)). This is the most common form caused due to
1. When dew point temperature is more than freezing
2. Melting of Ice-crystals, as they pass through warmer air
2. Snow Solid precipitation which happens in middle & higher latitudes and also Higher altitudes of lower latitudes. Snow is usually dry & powdery.
e.g Higher altitudes of lower latitudes (Mt Kenya 5199 m = its feet on equator & peak on snow covered area).
3) Sleet = Mixture of Rain + snow/hail
4) Hail = Consists of rounded or irregular pellets or lumps of ice. Large hail stones are usually composed of concentric layers of clear & cloudy ice. Hail is produced in cummulo Nimbus clouds as a result of active Turbulence & vertical air currents.
5) Drizzle = (less that 0.5 mm). Spray like rainfall in water drops which are of an extremely small size having a diameter of less than 0.5mm & fall at very slow pace. These drops have their origin in low & thin stratus clouds. E.g fog and mist which occur at ground level, drizzle adversely affects visibility.
Some important terms
Cloud Burst used for sudden & very concentrated down pour of water.
Area affect is quite small and cloud burst is caused by intense local convectional rising. Note please refer convectional rising. And now question for all of you then how did cloud burst happen in Uttrakhand ??
Cloud Seeding or Govt Rain
Cloud Seeding Introduction into clouds, of condensation Nuclie, Salt particles or water droplets with objective to induce more precipitation. Believe by scientist (Solid co2 pallets i.e dry ice & silver iodide smoke can enhance cloud growth & hence increase precipitation)
SMOG = SMOKE + FOG (Termed used in early 20th centuary)
1. But Today it is used especially to refer to photo-chemical fog. (It is a haze produced when insulation reacts with Hydro-carbons & nitric oxides present in vehicles emission)
2. Greatest of all smog related disaster was London smog in 1952, when approx 4000 people died from health disorders caused by the smog.
Ocean Currents(In a nut-shell only for GS-I)
An ocean current is any more or less permanent or continuous, directed movement of ocean water that flows in one of the Earth's oceans. The currents are generated from the forces acting upon the water like the earth's rotation, the wind, the temperature and salinity differences and the gravitation of the moon.
Ocean currents can flow for thousands of kilometers. They are very important in determining the climates of the continents, especially those regions bordering on the ocean.
Generally the term ocean current is used to horizontal movement in the upper most 100 metre of water called surface layer. The ocean current are classified as warm and cold on a relative basis with respect to the surrounding waters. The so called warm & cold currents usually exhibit temperatures that differ by only a few degrees from those of the surrounding waters.
In general the currents moving from lower to the higher latitudes are warm currents & the ones which are moving from the higher to lower latitudes are called cold current. The current near the equator are generally classified as warm current.
On the basis of volume of water, speed & dimensions the ocean currents are classified as
1. Drifts (Refers to slow motion of surface layer, with no clear boundaries. The movement of water is erratic in terms of direction. Speed may be between 16-24 km/day)
2. Currents (refers to surface movement, which is more rapidly & more defined than the drift. Speed is 6-8 km/hour)
3. Streams (refers to surface motion, which is much more well defined, its boundaries are more clearly identifiable.)
Some important examples of ocean current
Warm Currents(lower to higher latitudes/ Ascending order)
1. North Equatorial current
2. South Equatorial current
3. Equatorial counter current
4. North Pacific current
5. Kuru Shio or Japan current
6. East Australia current
7. Brazil Current
8. Gulf Stream
9. North Atlantic Drift
10. Mozambique Current
Cold Currents (Higher to lower latitudes/ Descending order)
11. Labrador Current
2. South West & North East Monsoon Drift
3. Bengula Current
4. Falkland Current
5. Oya Shio/Kamchatka Current
6. West Australian Current
Warm and cold Currents Diagram(Please remember Latitudes high to low(Descending = cold)/ low to high(Ascending = warm))
Cyclone Phalin 2013
Severe Cyclonic Storm Phailin ( meaning "sapphire") was a powerful tropical cyclone that caused substantial damage(Note - 21 people dead), in Andhra Pradesh and Orissa, India. It was the most intense cyclone that crossed Indian coast after the 1999 Odisha cyclone (Note- more than 10,000 people died during 1999 cyclone)
Over 200,000 hectares of agricultural land and 200,000 houses have been destroyed, as per the state government. Power transmission was also crippled in the district as 40 transmission towers were eradicated by the cyclone's fury. Balasore and Mayurbhanj districts were severely affected by heavy floods, and rescue operations are going on. In Balasore alone, 300,000 people are stuck because of the flooding.In Andhra Pradesh the damage was less, but still considerable. Coconut plantations across 3,200 hectares in the Srikakulum district have been damaged and power supply affected. However, power supply is being restored shortly and roads have been cleared for transportation.
Areas Affected by Cyclone Phailin
Balasore, Bhadrak, Mayurbhanj, Keonjhar, Dhenkanal, Jajpur, Cuttack, Kendrapara, Jagatsinghpur, Puri, Khurda, Nayagarh, Ganjam and Gajapati.
Even though Phailin weakened slightly prior to landfall, destructive winds well over 160 kmph (100 mph) and flooding rain of at least 200 mm (8 inches) pummeled the region. A crippling storm surge of at least 3 meters (10 feet) is expected to have swamped the coast near and just northeast of the point of landfall.
The 4 major reasons for the disaster to have less impact (And ofcourse Indian Government has to be applauded for the magnificent work)
1. Effective storm warnings by Indian Meteorological Department(IMD)
2. Evacuations (that too quick)
3. Location of Phailins landfall and its geography
4. The storm substantially weakened prior to and during landfall
Cyclone Helen
Cyclonic storm Helen Friday hit Andhra Pradesh(Not again) coast near Machilipatnam, triggering heavy rains and strong gales with speed reaching 100-110 kmph caused havoc in the coastal districts of Krishna and two Godavari districts.
What is Cyclone ?
A cyclone is a strong wind storm are also called as violent wind storms. Tropical cyclones begin over warm tropical seas in areas of low atmospheric pressure. The warm, moist air begins to spiral and becomes a strong, circling, wind storm.
A cyclone is a large wind system that moves around an area of low atmospheric pressure. It can spread over 500 miles (800 kilometers) in diameter. Low pressure usually develops in large land areas where the air tends to rise. Surrounding air moves toward the low-pressure area and starts to circulate, either clockwise or counterclockwise, depending on whether the cyclone is in the Northern or Southern hemisphere. Cyclones can produce cloudy weather and broad areas of rain and even snow
Cyclones can change direction suddenly, which makes it very difficult for meteorologists to forecast what will happen. Tropical cyclones bring heavy rain and cause high waves. Cyclones move at up to 360 kilometres per hour, bringing heavy rain. The wind and rain causes lots of damage when the cyclone crosses over coastal land.
Typhoon Haiyen
Typhoon Haiyan made landfall in the Philippines. Tens or hundreds of thousands of people displaced and basic services, including access to food, shut down in many areas. Speed of wind 315 kmph.
The typhoon cut a path through the middle of this island country a direct hit on about 10 percent of the population
Some Questions that passed through my mind. (Please avoid it unless you are just a starter like me)
1. What is the difference between hurricane, cyclone and typhoon?
"Hurricane", "cyclone" and "typhoon" are different terms for the same weather phenomenon which is accompanied by torrential rain and maximum sustained wind speeds (near centre) exceeding 119 kilometers per hour(kmph)
* In the western North Atlantic, central and eastern North Pacific, Caribbean Sea and Gulf of Mexico, such a weather phenomenon is called "hurricanes".
* In the western North Pacific, it is called "typhoons".
* In the Bay of Bengal and Arabian Sea, it is called "cyclones".
* In western South Pacific and southeast India Ocean, it is called severe tropical cyclones.
* In the southwest India Ocean, it is called tropical cyclones.
2. When do tropical cyclones occur?
* The typhoon season in the western North Pacific region typically runs from May to November. The Americas/Caribbean hurricane season runs from June 1 to November 30, peaking in August and September. The cyclone season in South Pacific and Australia normally runs from November to April. In the Bay of Bengal and Arabian Sea, tropical cyclones usually occur from April to June, and September to November (Cyclone Phalin Oct 12th 2013). The East Coast of Africa normally experiences tropical cyclones from November to April.
Reasons for Cyclone (In a nut-shell only)
As warm, moist air over the ocean rises up from the ocean surface, there is less air left near the surface, and this causes an area of lower air pressure below.
The air around this region has higher air pressure, and so it rushes in to fill the low pressure area This air also becomes warm and moist and so it rises, too. The cycle keeps going.
Warm air rises, the surrounding air swirls in to take its place, and so on. When the warm moist air rises, it cools off, and the water in the air forms clouds. The whole system of clouds and wind spins and grows, because it is being constantly fed by the ocean's heat and water evaporating from the surface.
Cyclones can only form over warm waters in the tropical regions of the oceans where the sea temperatures are 26.5 degrees Celsius or higher (around 80 degrees F)
They occur in areas of very low pressure when air that is heated by the sun rises rapidly, and becomes saturated with moisture which then condenses into high thundercloud. As the atmosphere becomes favorable for development (no wind shearing in the higher parts of the atmosphere), normal thunder storms clump together. When the hot air rises, cooler air rushes in to fill the area left vacant by the hot air. The Coriolis effect of the Earth spinning on its axis causes the air to spiral upwards with considerable force. This in turn causes the winds to rotate faster, causing the tropical low to deepen in intensity into a tropical depression, and eventually a cyclone
Cyclones are also characterized by strong winds, yet in their centre is a clear, calm region called the 'eye'. When the cyclone continues its course, and the winds return from the other direction, they may seem to be more violent. The winds are not just rotating; there is also the effect of the warmer air continually rising and cold air rushing in. That is why the winds are so strong, and seem to move in all directions.
Just for fun (Whose gives names to cyclone e.g Phalin , Helen or typhoon Haiyen)
The name list is proposed by the National Meteorological and Hydrological Services (NMHSs) of WMO Members of a specific region, and approved by the respective tropical cyclone regional bodies at their annual/bi-annual sessions
Name Arun Chettiar
References - The Hindu
www.google.com
G C Leong Book
Atlas Map
* Agriculture Budget (Kanna Laxminarayana):
* Agriculture dependent - 60% population
* Schemes:
* Waive off of electricity bill arrears 1300cr(2004-05)
* Pavala vaddi on crop loans 3% interest rate
* Waiver of stamp duty up to 3lac on crop loans for marginal farmers
* Free electricity for small farmers
* 11354cr loan waived off benefitting 63lac farmers & cash benefit scheme of 1633cr @ 5000rs per farmer
* Rashtriya Krishi Vikas Yojana (RKVY) scheme 100% assistance of GoI for farmers
* Raithu Chaitanya Yatra change mindset, disseminate latest tech dev to farmer
* Crop loans - <1lac (No interest), 1 to 3lac(3% interest)
* BT cotton, seed price reduced by 40%
* Input Subsidy increased on all crops upto 67% for natural calamities
* For paddy increased to 10000 per hectare (Previous -6000)
* Reason for separate budget:
* Less focus on agriculture, horticulture, animal husbandry in prev budget
* Land holding per farmer in state decreased 1.08ha (current)
* 1.31cr farm families 143lac ha agriculture land 75lac ha irrigation facility
* 2nd largest coastline state, 23% Geographical area Forests (16.86 as per 2011)
* Best state award under National Food Security Mission in southern region for increasing production of rice and pulses 5.93% growth rate
* Accelerated Pulse Production Programme (A3P):
* SRI (System of Rice Intensification) Cultivation:
* Rastriya Krishi Vikas Yojana 100% central assistance
* National Project on management of Soil Health and Fertility - Bhuchetana
* Technical support from ICRISAT
* Average production from target crops should be increased by 25% in 5 years in selected districts
* Farm Mechanization 450cr +100cr(solar pumpsets)
* National Agriculture Insurance Scheme:
* Scheme was made compulsory for loanee farmers borrowed loans for notified crops
* Provides financial support if crop failure because of Drought, cyclone, pest&dis.
* Restore credit eligibility of farmer after crop failure for next season
* Rythu Sri Vaddi leni panta runalu
* Interest free crop loans from Rabi 2011-12
* Horticulture:
* Area under Horticulture crop is 25.56lac ha; production 273lac tons
* 1st in production of Spices and fruits; 3rd in production of flowers
* Andhra Pradesh Ranks 1st in production of Citrus, Papaya, Oil Palm and Tomato 2nd in the production of Mango, Cashew; 4th in the production of Banana
* Animal Husbandry:
* 1st in egg and broiler production; 1st in meat production
* 2nd in Milk production (father of white revolution Verghese Kurien Operation Flood)
* Fisheries:
* 1st in Shrimp(brackish water) and fresh water prawn production
* 2nd fresh water fish prod; 2nd total fish & prawn prod; 5th marine fish prod
* AP Agricultural Land (Conversion into non Agricultural purposes) Act, 2006 was exempted from aquatic farms from purview of act.
* Sericulture:
* 2nd largest producer of Mulberry and Tasar cocoons country
* 4 types of silk mulberry, tasar, eri, muga
* Forests:
* AP Forest Dev. Corp. took 82,380 ha of degraded reserve forest for raising Eucalyptus clonal and seed origin plantations over 57,088 ha
* Eco-tourism Dev in forest lands in PPP (Private Public Partnership) mode for developing infra and tourism amenities
* CoP 11 to CBD 1to19OCT in Hyderabad
* Interest Rebate Scheme 6% return for timely repayment of loan providing agriculture credit to farmers at affordable rates to farmers
* MARKFED(Marketing Federation Hyderabad HQ, 1957) Help farmers secure better price for their produce taking care of market needs and providing agri. Inputs
* Apex organization for Co-operative Marketing Societies(CMS)
* Sale of inputs fertilizers, seeds, pesticides, maintenance of godowns, procurement of agricultural commodities
* 2nd in Silk (Sericulture) production
* Rythu Bandhu Padakam Restore farmers from distressed sales
* Natural Calamity Fund 589cr
AP State Budget
* Introduction:
* Rajeev Deevena
* Pre-metric scholarship for 3lac eligible SC students 150 for day and 350 for hostellers per month per student from 2013 -14 FY
* Pilot Districts included in DBT scheme RR, Hyderabad, EG, Chittor, Anantapur
* Indiramma Amrutha Hastham
* Launched on 1st Jan 2013;
* Identified 27,906 AWC in 103 ICDS projects to improve nutritional status in mothers and new born babies
* World Telugu Conference held in Tirupathi during 27-29Dec 2012 4th
* Nine essential Food items in a packaged form from Ugadi of this year
* Mana Biyyam supply of rice for BPL families for Re1 per kg
* Maarpu Coordination action of health, ICDS and Rural dev. departments to reduce infant and maternal mortality and morbidity levels and to bring down malnutrition levels
* Mee Seva currently running 76 services. Expected to service 100 activities by 31mar12
* Oct 28 Nov1 Neelam Cyclone
* Laila 2010; Khai Muk 2008; Yemyin 2007
* Jal 2010 (Maharashtra)
Socio - Economic Survey of AP 2012-13
* Overview:
* Natural, Demographic and Social Features:
* Geographical Area 2,75,045sqkm
* 4th largest by area and 5th largest by population
* Total population 8.47cr (2011 census) 7% countrys 11.1% Growth Rate
* Rural Population 66.5%; Urban 33.5%
* 2nd longest coastline in the country with 974km (1st Gujarath)
* Forest area 63,814sqkm (23.2% of total GA)
* Sex Ratio 992(2011); Child Sex Ratio 943(961 2001 census)
* Literacy Rate 67.66% (Male 75.56%; Female 59.74%)
* Poverty 21.1% (Rural 22.8%; Urban 17.7%) for year 2009-10
* Unemployment Urban(31%); Rural(12%) for year 2009-10
* Gross State Domestic Product(GSDP):
* 11th five year plan 8.18%
* 12th five year plan (expected) rates 10%:
* Primary(6%); Secondary(10.5); Tertiary(11.5%)
* Public Distribution:
* Fair Price Shops 44778 (Urban 7393; rural 37385)
* 1 shop for every 1965 persons
* Weather based crop insurance schemes:
* Launched in Guntur district in 2009 for Red chilly crop
* Extended to other crops cotton, tomato, groundnut, sweet lime, oil palm, banana, cashew, mango etc
* Modified National Agriculture Insurance Scheme:
* MNAIS is launched in 2010-11 rabi in Prakasham, Nellore, Warangal
* Was continued in EG, WG, Krishna in Kharif
* Primary Agriculture Co-operative Societies (PACS):
* PACS is re-organized from 4465 to 2949 societies in State
* MSME:
* 2859 msme enterprises;
* 115 sez approved by GoI 76 notified 28 in operational
* Mines and Geology:
* Barytes and Limestone 1st
* AP tourism Kohinoor of India
* Rajiv Arogyasri Health Insurance Scheme:
* Implemented through Health Care Trust for 233lac poor families
* Each BPL is provided with health coverage upto 2lac
* Scheme introduced on 1APR2007
* Women Development and Child Welfare:
* 91,307 Anganwadi centres
* Andhra Pradesh Scheduled Castes Sub-Plan and Tribal Sub-Plan:
* Planning, Allocation and Utilization of Financial Resources Act; Jan 2013
* Accelerated dev. of SC, ST with emphasis of achieving equality in 10 years
* INDIRAMMA:
* Integrated Novel Development in Rural Areas and Model Municipal Areas (India)
* Programme ensures pensions for old people, widows, weavers and disabled persons
* Rural Development:
* SHGs 10,59,101
* Macro-economic aggregates:
* Sectoral composition of GSDP:
* Base year Agriculture(25.1); Industry(24.3); services(50.6)
* 2012-13 Agriculture(18.7); Industry(24); Services(57.7)
* Decadal Growth Rate 7.54 (National 7.75)
* Gross Fixed Capital Formation It reveals the potentiality of the investments in public as well as private sectors and gives net addition of assets created during the year
* GCF = GFCF + changes in Stock
* Public Finance:
* As per APFRBM act, 2005 state govt. shall maintain a revenue surplus in a financial year and ensure that fiscal deficit does not exceed 3% of GSDP
* Revenue Expenditure increases(15%) in 2011-12 because
* increase in the number of beneficiaries of scholarships and tuition fees to the SCs / STs / BCs apart from Power Subsidy and Rice Subsidy
* During 2012-13, tax revenue estimates are 62,572. An increase of 17.43%
* Non tax revenue grows at a rate of 10% for 2012-13 fiscal
* Revenue Surplus 1686cr; Fiscal deficit 21,219cr (2.46% of GSDP)
* Own tax revenue for 2012-13(RE) is as follows:
* Sales tax(2%); Stamps & Registration(8%); Taxes & motorcycles(6%); Excise(17%); Other taxes and Duties(67%)
* Total Outstanding debt 20.7% of GSDP (Limit 27.6% as per APFRBM act)
* Interest payment gone upto 10,561cr (9.15% more over previous year)
* Fiscal deficit 2.46% for 2012-13 (2.35% for previous year)
* Prices, Wages and Public Distribution:
* Essential commodities being monitored Rice, Redgram dal, groundnut oil, tamarind(without seed), red chillies(dry), onions
* Consumer Price Index for Industrial Workers (CPIIW) base year 2001(100) from 2006
* CPIIW increased by 10% for period Apr-Nov2012
* CPI Agriculture Labour (CPIAL) with base year 1986-87, increased by 7.57 for 2012dec
* CPI(Rural), CPI(Urban) base year 2010
* Public distribution:
* 44,778 Fair price shops (Ration shops) for dec2012
* Rationalization of FP shops:
* Rural 400-450BPL + 50 Pink cards
* Urban 500-550BPL + 250 Pink ration cards
* Municipal corp. 600-650 +250 pink cards
* Iris based ration cards for eligible farmers to avoid duplicate/ghost cards
* 5 districts identified by GoI in state on pilot basis for putting in place Adhar based service delivery system Rangareddy, Hyderabad, Chittor, Anantapur, EG
* Subsidy management in Kerosene, Pensions, Janani Suraksha Yojana, Scholarships, Financial inclusion, Kisan Credit Cards and MGNREGS wage disbursal through Adhaar
* Agriculture and Allied activities:
* Top priorities of state in Agriculture sector
* Improve farm incomes
* Sustainable growth in agriculture and allied activities
* Land Utilization:
* Total 275lac ha; Net Area Sown 116lac ha(40.58); Forests 62.3lac ha(22.65); Current fallow lands 8.26%; Non agri usage 10.19%; Barren 7.36%; remaining 10.96%
* Rainfall
* NE Monsoon - 269mm (20% more than normal rainfall)
* SW Monsoon 632mm (1.3% more than normal rainfall)
* Soil types
* Red soils (66%); Black soils (25%); Delta alluvial (5%); coastal & laterite (3%); saline & alkaline (1%)
* Area and Production -
* The area and production of food grains for year 2012-13 to show decline to the previous year
* Cropping intensity ration of GCA to NCA (1.23 for 2011-12)
* Rythu Mitra Farmer organisations for technical and monetary benefits in agriculture and allied activities
* AGRISNET
* Agricultural Resources Information Systems NET work
* Day to day information to farmer on crop production, input supply, marketing through internet
* Portal contains 18 important crops grown in AP, Schemes, subsidies of department and other important information on agriculture
* Crop diversification A wider choice in production of a variety of crops in a given area so as to expand production related activities
* National Watershed Development Project for Rainfed Areas (NWDPRA)
* Rainfed areas constitute about 57% of total 140.3 million ha
* NWDPRA was launched based on
* Integrated Wateshed Management
* Sustainable farming systems
* Rythu Chaitanya Yatra - To educate farmers particularly small and marginal farmers at grass root level
* Padi Pantalu monthly magazine printed by Dept. of Agriculture for farmers
* WTO News Digest Quarterly magazine distributed to agri and allied sectors
* SEEDNET to automate 23 Seed Testing Lab. (includes DNA finger printing lab at hyd)
* Mee Seva launched in November 2011;
* Kisan Call Center 1551
* National Agriculture Insurance Scheme (NAIS, Kharif 2000)
* Financial support to farmers in event of crop loss in the yield
* Credit eligibility of farmers after a crop failure for next season and to help stabilize farm incomes
* Village as Unit Insurance Scheme:
* AP only state to have scheme in all districts (from 2008)
* Covers 20crops(Kharif) and 10crops(rabi)
* Polambadi programme:
* Increase use of pesticides increses cost of cultivation and poor quality of produce, reducing market prices and returns
* Being done from seed to seed so that farmers can observe and analyze the dynamics of crop ecology across the season
* Conducted in paddy, maize, pulses, oil seeds, cotton & coarse cereals
* Yeruvaka Purnima
* Invoke farmer community for starting agricultural operations on onset of SW Monsoon
* Organized on 4th June 2012 in 7 districts
* Demonstration of Seed treatment, farm implements, soil sampling, precautions reg.handling of pesticides etc are shown
* ATMA scheme
* Agriculture Tech. Management Agency 1st June 2005
* Support to State Extension Programmes for Extension Reforms
* Integrated Research and Extension activities and decentralizing day-to-day management of public Agriculture Tech. System
* Involves agri. Activities for sustainable agri. development in the district
* National Food Security Mission
* 11 districts for Rice (sri, viz, Vizag, kri, gun, nel, med, mah, nlg, khm, adi)
* 22 districts for Pulses (except Hyderabad)
* A3P (Accelerated Pulses Production Programme)
* plant nutrients and plant protection centric improved technologies and management practices
* four pulses gram, urad(blackgram), arhar(redgram/pigeonpea), moong (greengram)
* System of Rice Intensification (SRI) Increase production and productivity of rice with less water
* Rural Credit Co-operatives:
* A. Vaidyanathan suggested reorganization of credit societies
* PACS have been reorganized from 4465 to 2949
* Union publishes co-operative monthly magazine for carrying publicity and propaganda of co-op principles and co-op movement in state Sahakara Samacharam
* Rural Electric Supply Co-operative Societies:
* RESC obj purchase electricity in bulk from nearest DISCOM and distribute it to domestic, industrial and agricultural consumers in their area of op.
* Four RESCs Kuppam, Anakapalle, Cheepurupalle, Siricilla
* AP Micro Irrigation Project (APMIP):
* APMIP was launched in Nov 2003; enhance crop productivity by improving water usage efficiency through micro irrigation systems
* Area covered 8.95lac ha
* Area under drip/sprinkler irrigation 1.1lac ha
* Vegetable Initiatives for Urban Clusters implemented in Medak, Mahaboobnagar, rangareddy
* National Research centre Oilpalm pedavegi center, WG
* Livestock
* Livestock cattle, buffalo, goat, pig, sheep, poultry
* Livestock contribute 5,3% of GSDP and form 28.5% of agriculture sector
* Pasu Kranthi Pathakam govt. provided high pedigreed milch animals and heifers from other state with 50% subsidy for welfare of BPL families
* RKVY being implemented to achieve 9% growth rate in animal husbandry
* Livestock Insurance Scheme
* Milch animals will be insured on 50% subsidy basis
* Centrally sponsored
* Jeevamitra
* Fed. Is to provide basic health services at doorsteps of shepherds in villages
* Sheep Insurance
* Since 2006-07; ex-gratia 1lac
* Bhed Palak Bhima Yojana Central Wool Dev. Board:
* Insurance scheme for woolly sheep (Deccani Sheep) rearers through LIC
* NCDC assistance to dev. of small ruminants(Sheep & Goat) by AP Sheep Fed. For 3 dists Chittor, Mahaboobnagar, Prakasam
* Piggery dev. project Vizag, Vizianagaram, Srikakulam
* Jeeva Kranthi Pathakam
* GoAP; 2007-08; 50% subsidy
* To support BPL families by supplying Breeding Rams, Ram Lamb Units, Sheep and Goat Units, under CM package
* Fisheries
* It contributes 2.9% of GSDP; Annual growth rate 11.5%
* Four fish landing centres under Assistance to State for Developing Export Infra and Allied activities (ASIDE) in Vodalarevu, Laxmipurampalle, Gundaipalem, Uppalanka
* Forests
* 2nd largest state in forest area in India
* Silviculture practice of controlling establishment, growth, consumption, health and quality of forests to meet diverse needs and values
* MGNREGS:
* Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme
* Large number of nurseries are being raised under the Mahatma Gandhi Vana Nursery (MGVN) under MGNREGS
* Wildlife Conservation:
* Endemic species in AP state
* Cycas beddomi, Red sanders, shorea talura, Jerdons courser, Golden gecko, slender loris
* Insitu conservation:
* Conservation of natural habitats, maintenance, recovery of endangered species in their natural habitation
* 6 National Parks, 21 wildlife sanctuaries 4.72% GI or 20.38% forest area
* Exsitu conservation:
* Conservation of some endangered species in some man made habitat that imitates their natural habitat
* 4 Zoological Parks, 6 deer parks
* Integrated Development of Wildlife Habitats:
* Project Tiger
* Nagarjuna Srisailam Tiger Reserve (Rajiv Gandhi Wildlife Sanctuary)1979 attained Tiger Reserve status in 1983
* Spread area 3568km, GBWS 1194; Buffer 1175km
* Gundla Brahmeswaram Wildlife sanctuary is regarded as extended core for NSTR
* Tiger with its co-predators like Panther, sloth bear, wild dog are present here
* Prey base - spotted deer, sambar, four horned antelope, chinkara, wild boar
* Rare and Endangered species - Mouse Deer, Honey Badger, Giant Squirrel
* Chenchus Native tribe of Nallamallai Region
* Kawal Wildlife Sanctuary or Kawal Tiger Reserve (2nd TR in State)
* Present in Jannaram Mandal of Adilabad district
* Spread area - 893kms; buffer area 1123km
* Estimated around 150 cheetals in the sanctuary
* Project Elephant
* Rayala Elephant Reserve including Koundinya Wildlife sanctuary are being developed under project elephant
* Restoration of Mangrove Forests until now 3042km of area
* Palapitta Periodic Newsletter on Environmental education
* Geomatics
* creation of spatial (geographic) database on various scales
* vegetation cover mapping and monitoring, survey and verification of notified forest boundary using DGPS
* enumeration of trees outside the forests and developing web-enabled forest management information system
* CSI Nihilent egovernance award for AP Project Tribal Welfare Dept IC & T initiative
* First Exsitu Biodiversity Park by Dolphin conservation society in Vizag
* Bio piracy Red sand boa, star tortoise, Tarantula (spider), Red sander
* 22nd May International Biodiversity Day
* Sericulture
* Proddutur(Kadapa), Hindupur(Anantapur) famous for raw silk trading
* Bivoltine sericulture producing 2 broods or generations in a season
* 1% Ad-Valorem (to the value of) tax on the sale or purchase of product
* Rythu Bazars 107 in number at an average 45,000 farmers every week
* Industries:
* Single Window Act
* Industrial Single Window Clearance Act in 2002
* For speedy processing and issue of various approvals/clearances/permissions required for setting up of Industrial undertakings and also to create an investment friendly environment in the State
* Mega Projects
* Projects with investment more than 250cr is a mega project as per New Industrial Promotion Policy 2010-15
* Prime Ministers Employment Generation Programme(PMEGP) central scheme funded by Ministry of Micro, Small, Medium Enterprises
* Industrial Investment Promotion Policy (2010-15):
* Incentives for MSME and Large Industries in all districts except Vijayawada, GVMC and GHMC and excluding existing Industrial Estates/Parks, Industrial Estates notified / to be notified
* Incentives given for micro and small enterprises:
* 15% investment subsidy on fixed investment capital to a max of 20lacs
* 100% reimbursement of stamp duty paid on land purchase for ind. Use
* 25% rebate of land cost limited to 10lac in Industrial estates and parks
* Fixed power cost @ Rs.0.75 per unit (upper ceiling) on the proposed revised rates (2010-11) for a period of 5 years from the date of commencement of commercial production
* Reimbursement of 100% and 50% VAT/CST or SGST for micro and medium enterprises respectively
* 50% Reimbursement of cost involved in skill up-gradation and training of local manpower limited to Rs.2000 per person.
* 50% subsidy on expenses incurred for quality certification / patent registration limited to Rs.2.00 Lakh for MSEs.
* 25% subsidy on specific cleaner production measures limited to Rs.5.00 Lakh.
* To extend investment subsidy to identified service activities related to industries setup in all Municipal Corporation limits in the State
* Index of Industrial Production(IIP):
* Yardstick for measuring the Industrial growth of state
* It includes the relative change of physical production in the field of Industry during specific period as compared to the previous period
* IIP for mining & quarrying, Manufacturing and Electricity sectors registered growth rate of 3.1%, -11.5%, -5.5% respectively
* State level Public Enterprises(SLPE):
* Top 5 Housing corp., AP Genco, APCPDCL, APSPDCL, TRANSCO
* Mines and Geology:
* AP known as Ratna Garbha
* Limestone(34%), Coal(10%), Mica(86%), Dolomites(11%), Bauxite(40%), Barytes(96%), Clays(30%), Heavy mineral beach sands(40%), Manganese(10%), Feldspar(11%), Quartz, Silica sand Soapstone(16%), Gold, Diamonds(16%), Uranium, Oil & Natural gas, Iron ore, Semi-precious stones, Granite(40%), Slates, Limestone slabs, Marbles, Dimensional & Building stones(40%)
* The State occupies first position in Barytes, Limestone and Beach sand heavy mineral deposits in the country
* There are huge deposits of Bauxite in East Godavari and Visakhapatnam districts.
* Krishna- Godavari on shore and off shore basins contain huge reserves of oil and natural gas.
* The State also has huge uranium deposits in Kadapa and Nalgonda districts
* AP is 2nd largest Cement producer
* percentage growth compared to last year during the same period was 27%
* Rare earth elements or Rare earth metals
* set of seventeen chemical elements in the periodic table, specifically the fifteen lanthanides plus scandium and yttrium
* Poverty and Unemployment:
* Poverty Ratios
* State - 22.8(Rural); 17.7(Urban); 21.1(Total)
* Centre 33.8(Rural); 20.9(Urban);29.8 (Total)
* Quinquennial (recurring every 5yrs) survey on Employment and Unemployment is conducted by NSSO(National Sample Survey Office)
* Work Force Participation Rate(WFPR) Number of persons employed per 1000 persons
* A person is considered working if he worked more than 4hrs or more during day
* WFPR in AP males in rural areas is increased, where as that of females decreased in 2009-10 when compared to 2004-05, while it has decreased for both males and females in urban areas
* Vocational Training Improvement Projects:
* ITI Thambalpally, Chittoor dist. Awarded Best performing Southern region ITI for 2012
* ITI Bhimavaram Best consolidation prize for 2012
* AP declared as best practicing state under PPP at the first national conference on skill development held at Mumbai
* Rajiv Yuva Kiranalu
* GoAP to provide placement linked skills to unemployed youth in private establishment
* Mission proposes to employ 15 lakh youth in jobs in the private industry by 2014
* All Government offices which have computer hardware and internet facility have been declared as registration centres so that unemployed can register themselves in RYK portal
* Social Infrastructure:
* Population growth rate = 11.1%;
* Most populous district Rangareddy (Former EG); least Vizianagaram
* Sex ratio = 992
* Density of population 308
* Pc of urban population to total population is 33.49
* World Population Day 11th July
* Literacy Rate = 67.66 pc (national=74.04pc); male 75.56pc; Female 59.74pc
* First Hyderabad(80.96pc); last Mahabubnagar 56.06pc
* Education:
* 86th amendment enhance the compulsory education for children of age group 6-14
* 21A Fundamental right
* 45 Directive principle of state policy
* 51A Fundamental duty of parent/guardian
* 93rd Amendment Reservation in educational institutions(incl. private institutions) for OBC students
* Pass percentage of students in SSC examination is 87.85 pc for year 2012-13
* Mid-day meal scheme 75% central & 25% state
* Rajiv Vidhya Mission SSA, NPEGEL(National Programme for Education of Girls at Elementary Level), KGBV(Kasturba Gandhi Balika Vidhyalayas)
* Balika Chetana Programme implemented in partnership with UNICEF to empower girls to overcome problems
* Snehabala programme Self Learning Interactive Materials(SLIM) for I and II class students
* QUEST A programme organized in ITDA(Integrated Tribal Development Agency) schools to provide quality education for ST students
* Chinnari Choopu conducted to screen and provide spectacles and perform surgical corrections to school children
* Mana TV Tele-lessons on important subjects for Intermediate students
* Teleconferences, Telecounselling and Panel discussions were organized through MANA TV
* live training programme for competitive examinations like BSRB, RRB, SSC are also arranged
* NAAC National Assessment and Accreditation Council accredits institutions of Higher education in India. Autonomous body funded by UGC
* Family Welfare
* Estimated Birth rate, Death rate, IMR of AP are 17.5, 7.5, 43 (National 21.8, 7.1, 44)
* ASHA(Accredited Social Health Activity):
* health resource person of first resort to provide all Maternal & Child Health services to the community in rural areas
* Started in 2005-06; 70,700 ASHAs in AP;
* CEMONC (Comprehensive Emergency Obstetric and Neonatal Care Services):
* Promote institutional deliveries, attend emergency pregnancy, delivery and child birth cases being reported within a range of 35 to 40 kms
* 156 CEMONC centres
* Janani Suraksha Yojana:
* Cash incentive of 700 given to pregnant woman to promote deliveries in public institutions in rural areas
* Sukhibhava scheme which provides Rs300 to BPL rural pregnant apart from above
* Extended to provide Rs. 600/- to under BPL urban pregnant woman who deliver in government institutions
* Home deliveries were provided an amount of Rs.500
* Janani Sishu Suraksha Karyakram:
* free cashless deliveries and care to sick new born till 30 days after birth at public health institutions; started October 2011
* MAARPU:
* bringing behavior change in community through convergence for effectively reducing MMR, IMR and to improve health and nutritional status of women & children
* JBAR (Jawahar Bala Aarogya Raksha):
* Aimed to to improve the health of school going children studying classes 1st to 10th standard in government and government aided schools
* immunisation, vitamin-A supplementation, biannual de-worming and referral services to higher medical institutions for better treatment
* Child Immunization:
* Infants under one year are vaccinated against VPDs through BCG, DPT, OPV, measles, hepatitis B vaccines
* BCG(Bacille Calmette Guerin) Tuberculous Meningitis
* DPT Diphtheria, Pertussis(Whooping cough), Tetanus
* OPV Oral Polio Vaccine
* Urban Slum Health Services:
* Started in 2000; provides preventive, promotive and curative services to people living in urban slum areas
* Birth Waiting Homes:
* provide complete nutrition and wage loss compensation to pregnant women and their attendants who use birth waiting home
* Rajiv Arogyasri Health Insurance Scheme:
* Implemented through Aarogyasri Health Care Trust; started - 1Apr2007
* each BPL family is provided health coverage to the extent of Rs.2.00 Lakh
* The scheme was implemented online through an efficient IT portal
* Aarogyamithra(Health Worker) helps illiterate patients
* No enrollment process, need a BPL card to claim the service
* CMCO Peripheral Center Patients without white card need to physically approach the CMCO centre with proof of residence for issuing of a temporary referral card for cashless treatment
* APVVP(AP Vaidya Vidhana Parishad):
* Manages secondary level hospitals; 234 hospitals under APVVP control
* Drugs are provided to all hospitals by the central drug stores under APHMHIDC as per the requirements specified by APVVP
* National Programme for prevention of CVD, NCD diseases:
* National Cancer Awareness Day - 7th Nov 2012
* World Diabetic Day - 14th Nov 2012
* World Habitat Day First Monday of every October
* International Day for Older persons (IDOP) 1st October
* National Vector Borne Diseases Control Programme:
* Every year 17million cases 0.8 million deaths before 1953
* NVBDCP deals with Malaria, Japanese Encephalities, Suspected Viral Encephalitis, Dengue, Chikungunya, Filaria and Kala Azar diseases
* SHUBHAM campaign
* unique and pioneering initiative of APSACSs and aims to improve HIV testing and hence converting them from unknown to known HIV status
* CABA - Children affected By AIDS implemented in 2 districts to address the care, support and treatment aspects and hundreds of CABA are linked to services like Education, Health and Nutrition
* SAHARA - identity cards for patients receiving the Anti- Retroviral Therapy (ART) medicines
* to access benefits provided by the Government like concessions for travel, priority in housing schemes and pensions etc
* Women Development and Child Welfare:
* Ujjwala Scheme - for prevention of trafficking, rescue, rehabilitation and re-integration of victims of trafficking and commercial sexual exploitation
* scheme provides food, shelter, clothing, counseling, legal aid to the inmates in rehabilitation
* ICDS
* Single largest centrally sponsored scheme
* There are 300 ICDS projects with 91,307 anganwadi centers
* Rajiv Gandhi Scheme for Empowerment of Adolescent Girls SABALA:
* cover Adolescent Girls in the age group 11 to 18 years in all ICDS projects in select 200 Districts across India
* In AP Vizag, WG, Chittor, Anantapur, Adilabad, Mahabubnagar,Hyd
* Kishori Samooh
* Girls in each group select three leaders of their choice for a year
* These girls will be called Sakhi and Saheli
* Sakhi and Sahelis, will be given training as per prescribed module at the project/circle level to serve as peer-monitors for Kishori Samooh
* Kishori Sadassu - celebrated once in three months. Supplementary nutrition, IFA supplementation, health check-up and referral, Nutrition and health education,Counselling/guidance on family welfare, ARSH, childcare practices and home management, life skills education and accessing public services and vocational training for adolescent girls
* IGMSY(Indira Gandhi Matriva Sahyog Yojana):
* conditional cash transfer scheme to be piloted initially in 52 districts across the country
* In AP it is implemented in WG and Nalgonda districts
* Pregnant Women of 19 years and above are entitled for benefits under the scheme for the first two live births
* The beneficiaries are paid Rs.4000/- in three installments
* AWW and AWH get an incentive of Rs200 and Rs100 respectively
* Kishori Shakti Yojana:
* 100% centrally sponsored scheme
* empowerment of adolescent girls by breaking the inter-cycle of nutritional and gender disadvantages in 2000
* Indira Darsini monthly magazine to create awareness among people about different services rendered by Women Dev & Child Welfare (WD&CW) dept.
* Juvenile Welfare:
* Sarathi
* Departments(Juvenile Justice Dept) project in collaboration with Kusuma Trust, UNICEF, Sadhana
* It is training manual for frontline workers in child welfare and development agencies
* It equips with counseling knowledge and legal skills to enable early intervention with vulnerable children
* Disabled Welfare:
* The Persons with Disabilities Act, 1996
* Deals with prevention and promotional aspects of rehabilitation of education, employment and vocational training, creation of barrier-free environment, provision of rehabilitation service for persons with disabilities
* 5 Residential Schools for visually impaired, 6 Residential Schools for hearing impaired; 1 residential Jr. College for hearing impaired in Bapatla and 1 residential Jr. College for visually impaired in Mahabubnagar dists.
* 1.79% of the total population of A.P are disabled as per 2001 census
* Schemes:
* A subsidy of Rs.3000/- was sanctioned to disabled persons under economic rehabilitation scheme during 2011-12
* Incentive award for marriage b/w disabled and normal person was increased to Rs50000
* 50 % subsidy on petrol to disabled persons having motorized own vehicles for self-transportation with annual income up to Rs.24,000
* 3% reservation in promotions to disabled employees. 3% seats in coaching and training facilities for disabled in all Welfare departments irrespective of caste/religion
* BC Welfare:
* BC 138 communities;
* Reimbursement of tuition fees for EBCs on saturation basis on par with BCs from the year 2009-10
* AP BC Co-operative Finance Co-operation Limited:
* Margin Money:
* provide financial assistance to B.C. beneficiaries in agriculture and allied sectors, small business and industry, service and transport sector activities
* The beneficiaries are covered from rural area:
* Subsidy of 50% unit cost not exceeding Rs.30,000/- per beneficiary
* 40% or balance of unit cost as bank loan.
* 10% of the unit cost as beneficiary contribution
* For unit cost that is more than Rs.60,000/ subsidy of Rs.30,000 is provided, 10% beneficiary contribution and the balance is loan from Banks
* Rajiv Abhyudaya Yojana:
* Similar to that of Marginal Money but implemented in Urban areas
* Social Welfare:
* SC:
* SC people 123.39lac; 16.19% of total population; 4th largest SC pop
* 82% of the Scheduled Caste people are living in rural areas
* Sex Ratio among the Scheduled Castes is 981
* The literacy rate among SCs was 53.52 in 2001
* Social Welfare department is to look after the educational advancement, socio-economic development, welfare and protection of Scheduled Castes
* Rajiv Vidhya Deewena - pre-matric scholarships to Scheduled Caste students studying in Government schools, APSW Residential Schools from 2012-13 onwards
* Scheduled Castes Sub-Plan and Tribal Sub-Plan (Planning, Allocation, and Utilization of Financial Resources) Act, 2013:
* First pioneer state in the country that has initiated such Legislative intervention
* Accelerated dev. of SCs & STs in the coming 10years in the areas of economic, educational and human development along with ensuring security, social dignity and promoting equity
* Social Welfare Department is designated as the Nodal Department for Scheduled Castes Sub-Plan (SCSP)
* The Nodal Agency for implementation of the Tribal Sub-Plan (TSP) is constituted under the Chairmanship of Minister Tribal Welfare
* Tribal Welfare:
* Tribal welfare department was established in 1962
* tribal population of Andhra Pradesh according to 2001 Census is 50.24 Lakh constituting about 6.59%
* Punadi - introduced in all tribal welfare schools covering 250000 students in class 3rd to 9th for strengthening the academic foundation of ST students
* QuEST - a unique initiative that aims to attain subject specific, class specific competencies
* Bhavita - a mass contact initiative aimed at counseling, assessingt and prepararing individual employment plans for ST youth
* The subsidy was increased from Rs.10,000/- to Rs.30,000/- from 2009-10
* Vetamamidi (EG dist) has a mini hydel project which is commissioned and maintained by local tribals
* Minorities Welfare:
* As per 2001 census, the population of Minorities in our State was around 82.00 Lakh, which constitutes over 11% of the total population
* The Andhra Pradesh State Minorities Commission was constituted in 1979
* Subsequently, it was enacted as the A.P. State Minorities Commission Act, 1998
* looks into specific issues in the area of social equity and addressing complaints of discrimination faced by Minority Community
* Chamak Scheme - Free coaching to minorities for job oriented competitive examinations
* Provides free coaching to job-oriented competitive examinations
* Provides free coaching in Language Communication and Key Skills
* Provides free books and study materials to candidates availing coaching
* AP State Haj Committee:
* Haj Committee is constituted for making arrangements for the Haj.pilgrimage of Muslims
* Youth Services:
* Youth welfare schemes are categorized as following:
* Providing self-employment to unemployed youth
* Training to provide employment
* Other participatory programmes
* Rajiv Yuvasakthi Programme :
* provide financial assistance, create self-employment opportunities for eligible unemployed youth, and establish self-employment units in Industry, Service and Business Sectors
* Yuva Chaitanya Sadassulu - hrough coordination of Nehru Yuva Kendras
* Housing:
* APSHCL(AP State Housing Corporation Limited) motivated and educated beneficiaries to eliminate exploitation by middlemen, reduced cost of construction by encoraging adoption of cost-effective and eco-friendly technologies, and helped in capacity building and utilization of human resources from rural and urban poor
* Rajiv Swagruha launched in 2007;
* affordable housing to moderate income group in all municipalities and municipal corporations in the State
* Objective - make available houses / flats to moderate income group at 25% less cost than the prevailing market rate
* Multi-storied constructions are taken up in municipal corporations and independent houses in other municipalities
* Rural Water Supply:
* World Bank Assistance Programme:
* 864cr sanctioned for 5years in 6 districts
* proposed to provide drinking water facilities in quality affected, not covered and partially covered habitations with IBRD Assistance
* Visakhapatnam, Prakasam, Kadapa, Mahabubnagar, Karimnagar and Adilabad
* TSC/NBA:
* Total Sanitation Campaign/ Nirmal Bharat Abhiyan(1Apr2012)
* It emphasizes Information, Education and Communication (IEC), human resources development, and capacity development activities to increase awareness and demand generation for sanitation facilities
* Urban Water Supply and Sanitation:
* JNNURM:
* JN National Urban Renewal Mission
* Launched in 2005-06; budgetary provision 50000Cr for 7yrs
* mission aims to encourage reform and fast track infra development
* Urban Infra Dev. Scheme for Small and Medium Towns:
* Provide urban infra in Water Supply, Under Ground Drainage, Storm Water Drains, Solid Waste Management and Transportation in Non-mission Urban local bodies (ULBs)
* Scheme applies to ULBs except Hyd, Vizag, Vijayawada, Tirupati
* funding pattern is in the ratio of 80:10:10 between Government of India, Government of Andhra Pradesh and ULB
* Integrated Housing Slum Development Program:
* To improve infrastructure facilities in slum areas
* The funding pattern is 80:10:10 between Central Government, State Government and ULB
* Urban Infrastructure Development in Satellite Towns (UIDST):
* Selected satellite town of AP Vikarabad Town for CSSUIDST(Centrally Sponsored Scheme for UIDST)
* Muncipal Administration:
* Urban sanitation door to door garbage collection
* Muncipal Solid Waste Management Waste to Energy Projects
* All ULBs grouped in to 19 clusters for management of MSW
* 5 projects have been permitted to utilize waste generated in 67 ULBs and 1 is operational at present
* Rajiv Nagara Bata Programme:
* Jan2005; all ULBs
* Provision of adequate water, drainage system, street lighting, roads etc., with an emphasis on basic infra
* Provide minimum infra in community and religious institutions like temples mosques, churches
* INDIRAMMA:
* Integrated Novel Development in Rural Areas and Model Municipal Areas
* all wards in the Municipal Area over a period of three years for basic infra facilities and welfare measures
* Old people, widows, weavers and disabled persons are given pensions
* Indira Kranthi Patham:
* Mission for Elimination of Poverty in Municipal Areas(MEPMA)
* organize poor women into SHGs by covering all families living in slums and enable them to become self-reliant
* 3.02lac Women SHGs 30lac women
* 10.59lac SHG 115.48 members (Total)
* Urban Self Employment Programme:
* Urban poor to set up self-employment ventures and micro enterprises with 25% subsidy with an upper limit of Rs 2.00 Lakh cost per unit
* Abhaya Hastham(Pension cum Insurance Scheme):
* co-contributory pension cum insurance for the benefit of SHG women over and above the age of 18 years in urban areas to provide social security after the age of 60 years
* Janasri Bhima Yojana:
* Oct2010; for uncovered SHG members in YSR Abhayahastam
* Rajiv Awas Yojana:
* for the slum dwellers and urban poor
* central support to State if assign property rights to slum dwellers
* MEPMA nodal agency to make slum free AP through RAY
* HMDA:
* Hussainsagar Lake and Catchment Area Improvement Project with ODA loan from JICA(Japan Intl. Co-op Agency)
* Hyderabad Metro Rail Project(HRMP) is the worlds largest Metro Rail project being executed in public private partnership (PPP) mode (L&T and GoI)
* 72 km Hyderabad Metro Rail project is the worlds largest mass transit project being built in PPP mode
* The financial model envisages generation of about 50% of the revenue from passenger fares, 45% from property development and 5% from advertisements
* GoAP set up Special Tax Force(STF) headed by Chief Secretary(Minnie Mathews) for regular monitoring of the project
* Rural Development:
* Watershed Development Programmes to the drought related Rainfed areas DPAP, DDP, IWDP, IWMP, Indira Prabha, NGNREGS
* DPAP:
* Drought Prone Area Programme/Desert Dev. Programme:
* Funding 75:25; from 2000;
* drought proofing by taking up soil and moisture conservation, water harvesting structures, afforestation and horticulture
* IWDP:
* Integrated Wasteland Dev. Programme
* 1992; 100%;
* Impl. In non-DPAP blocks of DPAP dist. And non DPAP dists.
* area is treated with soil and moisture conservation works, water harvesting structures, afforestation
* IWMP:
* Integrated Watershed Management Programme
* 90:10;
* Restore ecological bal. by harnessing, conserving and developing degraded natural resource such as soil, vegetative cover and water
* Prevent soil run-off, regeneration of natural vegetation, rain water harvesting and recharging of ground water table
* Indira Prabha:
* Nov2004;
* Provide an Integrated and Comprehensive Livelihood options and development of compact blocks of assigned land owned by poor SC, ST, BC and other communities
* MGNREGS:
* February 2, 2006
* legal guarantee of providing at least 100 days of wage employment to rural households whose adult members are willing to do unskilled manual labour
* Chenchu Tribe Group Special Strategy:
* Eevery Chenchu laborer is provided with continuous wage employment through-out the year
* Every Chenchu labor is assured of Rs 1000 every month
* 4 special offices opened under NREGS Chenchu project
* Unnati(Nirupedala Samagrabhivriddhi):
* improving the standard of living, enable social inclusion and assist the disadvantaged and vulnerable groups come out of poverty through intensive handholding
* Obj all target households earn a minimum of Rs. 1.20 lakh income per annum from multiple livelihood sources in 3 yrs
* Obj - significant improvement is affected in human development indicators
* Social and Human Development:
* gender equity, recognizing people with disabilities among the poorest of the poor, health and nutrition intervention, quality education, poverty alleviation (Millenium Goals)
* Millenium goals will be set by UN
* Indias HDI (Mahabub ul Haq, Amartya Sen) rank 136(0.554) former rank 134
* States Rank(2011)
* Kerala, Delhi (high HD)
* AP 15th (0.437, low HD)
* Chattisgarh last (0.358)
* Aam Admi Jeevitha Bhima Yojana:
* March2008; To benefit Rural agriculture landless labours
* LIC provides insurance cover of 30000 for natural deaths and 75000 for accidental for a premium of 320
* premium is shared by the Central and State on 50:50 basis
* Swaranjayanti Gram Swarojgar Yojana(SGSY):
* 75:25; 1Apr1999
* to uplift poor families above poverty line by providing them income generating assets through a mix of bank credit and Government subsidy
* National Rural Livelihood Mission(NRLM):
* NRLM replaced SGSY from June2011
* Cover BPL households in villages through self-managed SHGs
* Aided in part through investment support by the World Bank
* National Family Benefit Scheme:
* NFBS is part of NSAP(National Social Assistance Programme)
* Provide lump sum amount to family BPL on the death of primary breadwinner. A one-time grant of Rs5000 is given
* Rural Infra Dev Fund:
* With assistance of NABARD
* NAtional Bank for Agri & Rural Dev. Prakash Bakshi
* connectivity, and construction of school building works
* Rajiv Palle Bata:
* People get an opportunity to represent their problems directly to their leaders. The leadership, in turn, benefits from public feed-back about governmental polices
* Rachabanda:
* Intended to motivate and instill confidence in public by redressing their grievances on the spot and to take administration to the door steps of the people
* Prajapatham:
* An interaction programme between the public, their elected representatives and a team of public servants in their own territory
* Indiramma Bata:
* 14thJul2012
* Assess the status and outreach of developmental and welfare programmes being implemented in the State
* Economic Infrastructure:
* Irrigation:
* At present, 86 projects (44 Major + 30 Medium + 4 Flood Banks + 8 Modernisation) are being considered under Jalayagnam
* Some Lift Irrigation Projects:
* BR Ambedkar Pranahita Chevella Sujala Sravanti project - on Godavari
* Mahatma Jyothi Rao Pule Dummugudem Nagarjuna Sagar Tail Pond
* Chinthalapudi Lift Irrigation scheme WG, Krishna
* Babu Jagjeevan Ram Uttarandhra Sujala Sravanthi Project Srikakulam, Vijayanagaram, Vizag
* P.V. Narasimha Rao Kanthanapally Sujala Sravanthi Warangal, Khammam, Nalgonda
* World bank assisted project Hydrology project phase II
* building and expanding development of a comprehensive Hydrological Information System (HIS)
* proposed to intensify HIS and lead to effective and efficient water resources planning and management
* Power:
* APSEB(AP State Electricity Board) 1959; divided into APGENCO, APTRANSCO 1999
* DISCOM DIStribution COMpanies
* E-Vaaradhi - an electronic method of reaching electricity consumers was introduced in EPDCL for passing messages relating to billing information, power shut down information through SMS
* APSRTC
* Road Transport Sector was under the department of Hyderabad State from 1st Nov.1951
* APSRTC was formed as a separate corporation from 11january, 1958
* APSRTC is the largest State Road Transport undertaking in the country was acknowledged both by Limca book of records (2000), and the Guinness Book of World Records (31st October, 1999)
* corporation has 7 Zones, 23 Regions and 211 Depots with a total fleet strength of 22,604 buses and 1.23 Lakh employees
* Ports:
* Kakinada Anchorage Port - Anchorage Port is a sheltered Port in 17 Kms length of Hope Island.
* Rawa port is located in East Godavari District and has an off shore single buoy mooring system for collecting off shore oil tankers
* Gangavaram Port This Port is located in Visakhapatnam district. It is being developed with private participation as a Multipurpose all weather port to become the deepest port
* Krishnapatnam Port - is in Nellore District and is the first Greenfield port
* Vodarevu, Nizampatnam Port and Industrial Corridor- VANPIC Project - Vodarevu port in Prakasam district and Nizampatnam Port in Guntur district under Public Private Participation Mode
* Machilipatnam Port GoAP is developing the Machilipatnam port in Krishna District under PPP
* IT and Communications:
* ITAll India growth rate is 15.7%, AP recorded a growth rate of 16% in 2011-12
* The State of Andhra Pradesh contributes 12.4% to national IT exports and ranks 4th in IT performance in the country
* SEZ is a specifically delineated enclave treated as foreign territory for the purpose of industrial, service and trade operations, with relaxation in customs duties and more liberal regime regarding other levies, foreign investments and other transactions
* Organising the ICT Promotion event Advantage A.P. 2013 - to project the State as the most preferred IT destination
* 11th Plan Review:
* GSDP grew at 8.18% during 11th plan period (2007-12) National growth(8.03%)
* Agriculture sector 5.28%
* Industrial Sector 7.26%
* Service sector 9.81%
* Agriculture Sector:
* Record Food grain generation in 2008-09 period 205lac tons
* State accounts for more than 10% of the countrys livestock and ranks 1st in Egg and Meat production and 2nd in milk production
* Livestock sector 26% of agri-GSDP; 5.4% of overall GSDP; GR 7.1%
* State ranks second in the country in fish production
* 12.1% of the Agri-GSDP and 2.6% of the overall GSDP grew at over 10%
* Forestry & Logging sub-sector which on average contributes 5.57% of the Agri-GSDP and 1.2% of the overall GSDP has grown at 1.9%
* Industry Sector
* Electricity, Gas and Water Supply sub sector grew with an impressive growth rate of 10.07%
* Construction subsector with a growth rate of 8.24%
* Mining & Quarrying subsector, showing a volatile trend, grew at 3.12%
* manufacturing sub-sector which on average accounts for more than 48% of the Industrial GSDP and over 12% of the GSDP, grew at 7.63%
* Service Sector
* Service sector contributes 53% of GSDP
* Sub-sectors of Service sector Communications, Banking & Insurance, Real estate & Business services and Transport (other than Railways) & Storage
* 11th plan Economic services(64%), Social service(35%), General services(1%)
* Jalayagnam - aim to complete ongoing and other new projects to provide immediate irrigation to water-starving segments
* Rajiv Aarogya Sree Community Health Insurance Under PPP, to improve access of BPL families to quality medical treatment of diseases involving hospitalization and surgery
* Various Flagship programmes and their performance
* RKVY central(100%); increase investment in agriculture and allied sectors to achieve annual growth of 4%
* SHM launched on 3rd Nov 2005; holistic growth of Horticulture sector
* focus crops under SHM are: 1.Mango 2. Sweet Orange 3. Sapota 4. Pomegranate 5.Banana 6.Papaya and 7.Cashew 8. Flowers 9. Spices
* MGNREGS
* MGNREGA provide 100 days of wage employment to rural households whose adult members are willing to do unskilled manual labour
* Government has enhanced the number of work days per year 150 and the wage rate Rs. 137 per day
* Accelerated Irrigation Benefit Programme GoI initiated assistance to complete ongoing major and medium irrigation projects taken up with CWC and Planning Commission Clearances
* RGGVY twin objectives of electrification of villages and to provide access to electricity to BPL households in the country
* Central : state = 90:10
* NRDWP - intends to provide safe and adequate drinking water facilities to quality affected habitations, not covered habitations and partially covered habitations in rural areas
* TSC/NBA - accelerate further the sanitation coverage in the rural areas so as to comprehensively cover the rural community with renewed strategies
* Vision - Nirmal Bharat by 2022 with all gram Panchayats in the country attaining Nirmal status
* IAY - intends to provide Houses to BPL families (SC/ST/Minorities/others) living in rural areas
* JNNURM - improve efficiency in urban infrastructure/services delivery mechanism, community participation and accountability of Urban Local Bodies/ Parastatals towards citizens
* Obj - Urban Infrastructure and Governance (UIG), Basic Services for the Poor (BSUP), Urban Infrastructure and Development Scheme for Small and Medium Towns (UIDSSMT) and Integrated Housing and Slum Development Programme: (IHSDP)
* PMGSY All season access to remotest and unconnected habitations
* 100%central;
* Mid-day meal - improve the nutritional status of children
* NRHM reduction of IMR, MMR. Universal access to public health services
* NSAP (National Social Assistance Programme) Flagship programme of GoI which aims to provide human security to poor and destitute; 100%central;
* NSAP has three components - NOAPS, NFBS and Annapurna Scheme
* National Rural Livelihood Mission (NRLM):
* It replaced Swaranjayanti Gram Swarojgar Yojana(SGSY);
* Central and state at 75:25 ratio
* It is aided in part through investment support by the World Bank
* Backward Regions Grant Fund(BRGF):
* Formerly known as Rastriya Sam Vikas Yojana(RSVY)
* low agricultural productivity, Unemployment, and to fill the critical gaps in physical and social infrastructure so as to redress regional imbalances in development
* Indira Jal Prabha:
* Nov 2011;
* to convert 10 lakh acres of uncultivated lands belonging to the poorest of poor SC/ST households to cultivable irrigated lands during 12th FYP
* Indiramma Amrutha Hastham:
* One nutritious meal a day to pregnant woman and lactating mothers is being provided at Anganwadis
* 12th Five Year Plan period(2012-17):
* Growth Rate in state is better than National average during 10th and 11th plans (particularly in agriculture and industry sectors)
* High GSDP + decline in growth of Population = 10% higher PCI than National avg.
* Estimated Growth Rate for 12th FY period
* 8.2%(national) agriculture(4%); Industry(8.2%); Service(9.1%)
* 10%(state) agriculture(6%), Industry(10.5%); Services(11.5%)
* Largest projected outlay of all states in 12th plan 3,42,842cr (9.2% of all states)
* Priorities and strategies of 12th plan
* Poverty reduction from 29.6% in 2004-05 to 21.1% in 2009-10
* Agriculture and allied
* Agriculture Technology Mission(ATM) - agriculture, horticulture, fisheries, food processing, storage and marketing
* Thrust areas SRI, seed replacement, oil palm development, cluster development, avoidance of handling losses
* Food grain prod. To reach a new peak of 300lac MT
* Micronutrient deficiency in Andhra Pradesh soils is identified as one of the major constraints to crop productivity
* Macro nutrients N, K, S, Ca, Pm Mg
* Micro nutrients Cl, Fe, Zn, Mn, B, Cu, Ni, Mo
* Construction of scientific storage space aimed to reduce post-harvest losses from 35% to less than 25%
* During 12th FYP, it is planned to create 78.9 lakh acres of Irrigation Potential
* Energy
* Andhra Pradesh Solar Power Policy, 2012 - state has planned for purchase of 1000 MW of solar power through DISCOMs
* Population annual growth rate stands at 1.11%
* Andhra Pradesh Scheduled Castes Sub-Plan and Tribal Sub-Plan(Planning Allocation and Utilisation of Financial Resources), 2013
* ensure accelerated development of Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes with emphasis on achieving equality in the next ten years focusing on economic, educational and human development
* ensuring the security and social dignity and promoting equity among the SCs and STs
* Aadhar Governance Award by the UIDAI East Godavari
* Schemes:
* Waive off of electricity bill arrears 1300cr(2004-05)
* Pavala vaddi on crop loans 3% interest rate
* Waiver of stamp duty up to 3lac on crop loans for marginal farmers
* Free electricity for small farmers
* 11354cr loan waived off benefitting 63lac farmers & cash benefit scheme of 1633cr @ 5000rs per farmer
* Rashtriya Krishi Vikas Yojana (RKVY) scheme 100% assistance of GoI for farmers
* Raithu Chaitanya Yatra change mindset, disseminate latest tech dev to farmer
* Crop loans - <1lac (No interest), 1 to 3lac(3% interest)
* BT cotton, seed price reduced by 40%
* Input Subsidy increased on all crops upto 67% for natural calamities
* For paddy increased to 10000 per hectare (Previous -6000)
* Reason for separate budget:
* Less focus on agriculture, horticulture, animal husbandry in prev budget
* Land holding per farmer in state decreased 1.08ha (current)
* 1.31cr farm families 143lac ha agriculture land 75lac ha irrigation facility
* 2nd largest coastline state, 23% Geographical area Forests (16.86 as per 2011)
* Best state award under National Food Security Mission in southern region for increasing production of rice and pulses 5.93% growth rate
* Accelerated Pulse Production Programme (A3P):
* SRI (System of Rice Intensification) Cultivation:
* Rastriya Krishi Vikas Yojana 100% central assistance
* National Project on management of Soil Health and Fertility - Bhuchetana
* Technical support from ICRISAT
* Average production from target crops should be increased by 25% in 5 years in selected districts
* Farm Mechanization 450cr +100cr(solar pumpsets)
* National Agriculture Insurance Scheme:
* Scheme was made compulsory for loanee farmers borrowed loans for notified crops
* Provides financial support if crop failure because of Drought, cyclone, pest&dis.
* Restore credit eligibility of farmer after crop failure for next season
* Rythu Sri Vaddi leni panta runalu
* Interest free crop loans from Rabi 2011-12
* Horticulture:
* Area under Horticulture crop is 25.56lac ha; production 273lac tons
* 1st in production of Spices and fruits; 3rd in production of flowers
* Andhra Pradesh Ranks 1st in production of Citrus, Papaya, Oil Palm and Tomato 2nd in the production of Mango, Cashew; 4th in the production of Banana
* Animal Husbandry:
* 1st in egg and broiler production; 1st in meat production
* 2nd in Milk production (father of white revolution Verghese Kurien Operation Flood)
* Fisheries:
* 1st in Shrimp(brackish water) and fresh water prawn production
* 2nd fresh water fish prod; 2nd total fish & prawn prod; 5th marine fish prod
* AP Agricultural Land (Conversion into non Agricultural purposes) Act, 2006 was exempted from aquatic farms from purview of act.
* Sericulture:
* 2nd largest producer of Mulberry and Tasar cocoons country
* 4 types of silk mulberry, tasar, eri, muga
* Forests:
* AP Forest Dev. Corp. took 82,380 ha of degraded reserve forest for raising Eucalyptus clonal and seed origin plantations over 57,088 ha
* Eco-tourism Dev in forest lands in PPP (Private Public Partnership) mode for developing infra and tourism amenities
* CoP 11 to CBD 1to19OCT in Hyderabad
* Interest Rebate Scheme 6% return for timely repayment of loan providing agriculture credit to farmers at affordable rates to farmers
* MARKFED(Marketing Federation Hyderabad HQ, 1957) Help farmers secure better price for their produce taking care of market needs and providing agri. Inputs
* Apex organization for Co-operative Marketing Societies(CMS)
* Sale of inputs fertilizers, seeds, pesticides, maintenance of godowns, procurement of agricultural commodities
* 2nd in Silk (Sericulture) production
* Rythu Bandhu Padakam Restore farmers from distressed sales
* Natural Calamity Fund 589cr
AP State Budget
* Introduction:
* Rajeev Deevena
* Pre-metric scholarship for 3lac eligible SC students 150 for day and 350 for hostellers per month per student from 2013 -14 FY
* Pilot Districts included in DBT scheme RR, Hyderabad, EG, Chittor, Anantapur
* Indiramma Amrutha Hastham
* Launched on 1st Jan 2013;
* Identified 27,906 AWC in 103 ICDS projects to improve nutritional status in mothers and new born babies
* World Telugu Conference held in Tirupathi during 27-29Dec 2012 4th
* Nine essential Food items in a packaged form from Ugadi of this year
* Mana Biyyam supply of rice for BPL families for Re1 per kg
* Maarpu Coordination action of health, ICDS and Rural dev. departments to reduce infant and maternal mortality and morbidity levels and to bring down malnutrition levels
* Mee Seva currently running 76 services. Expected to service 100 activities by 31mar12
* Oct 28 Nov1 Neelam Cyclone
* Laila 2010; Khai Muk 2008; Yemyin 2007
* Jal 2010 (Maharashtra)
Socio - Economic Survey of AP 2012-13
* Overview:
* Natural, Demographic and Social Features:
* Geographical Area 2,75,045sqkm
* 4th largest by area and 5th largest by population
* Total population 8.47cr (2011 census) 7% countrys 11.1% Growth Rate
* Rural Population 66.5%; Urban 33.5%
* 2nd longest coastline in the country with 974km (1st Gujarath)
* Forest area 63,814sqkm (23.2% of total GA)
* Sex Ratio 992(2011); Child Sex Ratio 943(961 2001 census)
* Literacy Rate 67.66% (Male 75.56%; Female 59.74%)
* Poverty 21.1% (Rural 22.8%; Urban 17.7%) for year 2009-10
* Unemployment Urban(31%); Rural(12%) for year 2009-10
* Gross State Domestic Product(GSDP):
* 11th five year plan 8.18%
* 12th five year plan (expected) rates 10%:
* Primary(6%); Secondary(10.5); Tertiary(11.5%)
* Public Distribution:
* Fair Price Shops 44778 (Urban 7393; rural 37385)
* 1 shop for every 1965 persons
* Weather based crop insurance schemes:
* Launched in Guntur district in 2009 for Red chilly crop
* Extended to other crops cotton, tomato, groundnut, sweet lime, oil palm, banana, cashew, mango etc
* Modified National Agriculture Insurance Scheme:
* MNAIS is launched in 2010-11 rabi in Prakasham, Nellore, Warangal
* Was continued in EG, WG, Krishna in Kharif
* Primary Agriculture Co-operative Societies (PACS):
* PACS is re-organized from 4465 to 2949 societies in State
* MSME:
* 2859 msme enterprises;
* 115 sez approved by GoI 76 notified 28 in operational
* Mines and Geology:
* Barytes and Limestone 1st
* AP tourism Kohinoor of India
* Rajiv Arogyasri Health Insurance Scheme:
* Implemented through Health Care Trust for 233lac poor families
* Each BPL is provided with health coverage upto 2lac
* Scheme introduced on 1APR2007
* Women Development and Child Welfare:
* 91,307 Anganwadi centres
* Andhra Pradesh Scheduled Castes Sub-Plan and Tribal Sub-Plan:
* Planning, Allocation and Utilization of Financial Resources Act; Jan 2013
* Accelerated dev. of SC, ST with emphasis of achieving equality in 10 years
* INDIRAMMA:
* Integrated Novel Development in Rural Areas and Model Municipal Areas (India)
* Programme ensures pensions for old people, widows, weavers and disabled persons
* Rural Development:
* SHGs 10,59,101
* Macro-economic aggregates:
* Sectoral composition of GSDP:
* Base year Agriculture(25.1); Industry(24.3); services(50.6)
* 2012-13 Agriculture(18.7); Industry(24); Services(57.7)
* Decadal Growth Rate 7.54 (National 7.75)
* Gross Fixed Capital Formation It reveals the potentiality of the investments in public as well as private sectors and gives net addition of assets created during the year
* GCF = GFCF + changes in Stock
* Public Finance:
* As per APFRBM act, 2005 state govt. shall maintain a revenue surplus in a financial year and ensure that fiscal deficit does not exceed 3% of GSDP
* Revenue Expenditure increases(15%) in 2011-12 because
* increase in the number of beneficiaries of scholarships and tuition fees to the SCs / STs / BCs apart from Power Subsidy and Rice Subsidy
* During 2012-13, tax revenue estimates are 62,572. An increase of 17.43%
* Non tax revenue grows at a rate of 10% for 2012-13 fiscal
* Revenue Surplus 1686cr; Fiscal deficit 21,219cr (2.46% of GSDP)
* Own tax revenue for 2012-13(RE) is as follows:
* Sales tax(2%); Stamps & Registration(8%); Taxes & motorcycles(6%); Excise(17%); Other taxes and Duties(67%)
* Total Outstanding debt 20.7% of GSDP (Limit 27.6% as per APFRBM act)
* Interest payment gone upto 10,561cr (9.15% more over previous year)
* Fiscal deficit 2.46% for 2012-13 (2.35% for previous year)
* Prices, Wages and Public Distribution:
* Essential commodities being monitored Rice, Redgram dal, groundnut oil, tamarind(without seed), red chillies(dry), onions
* Consumer Price Index for Industrial Workers (CPIIW) base year 2001(100) from 2006
* CPIIW increased by 10% for period Apr-Nov2012
* CPI Agriculture Labour (CPIAL) with base year 1986-87, increased by 7.57 for 2012dec
* CPI(Rural), CPI(Urban) base year 2010
* Public distribution:
* 44,778 Fair price shops (Ration shops) for dec2012
* Rationalization of FP shops:
* Rural 400-450BPL + 50 Pink cards
* Urban 500-550BPL + 250 Pink ration cards
* Municipal corp. 600-650 +250 pink cards
* Iris based ration cards for eligible farmers to avoid duplicate/ghost cards
* 5 districts identified by GoI in state on pilot basis for putting in place Adhar based service delivery system Rangareddy, Hyderabad, Chittor, Anantapur, EG
* Subsidy management in Kerosene, Pensions, Janani Suraksha Yojana, Scholarships, Financial inclusion, Kisan Credit Cards and MGNREGS wage disbursal through Adhaar
* Agriculture and Allied activities:
* Top priorities of state in Agriculture sector
* Improve farm incomes
* Sustainable growth in agriculture and allied activities
* Land Utilization:
* Total 275lac ha; Net Area Sown 116lac ha(40.58); Forests 62.3lac ha(22.65); Current fallow lands 8.26%; Non agri usage 10.19%; Barren 7.36%; remaining 10.96%
* Rainfall
* NE Monsoon - 269mm (20% more than normal rainfall)
* SW Monsoon 632mm (1.3% more than normal rainfall)
* Soil types
* Red soils (66%); Black soils (25%); Delta alluvial (5%); coastal & laterite (3%); saline & alkaline (1%)
* Area and Production -
* The area and production of food grains for year 2012-13 to show decline to the previous year
* Cropping intensity ration of GCA to NCA (1.23 for 2011-12)
* Rythu Mitra Farmer organisations for technical and monetary benefits in agriculture and allied activities
* AGRISNET
* Agricultural Resources Information Systems NET work
* Day to day information to farmer on crop production, input supply, marketing through internet
* Portal contains 18 important crops grown in AP, Schemes, subsidies of department and other important information on agriculture
* Crop diversification A wider choice in production of a variety of crops in a given area so as to expand production related activities
* National Watershed Development Project for Rainfed Areas (NWDPRA)
* Rainfed areas constitute about 57% of total 140.3 million ha
* NWDPRA was launched based on
* Integrated Wateshed Management
* Sustainable farming systems
* Rythu Chaitanya Yatra - To educate farmers particularly small and marginal farmers at grass root level
* Padi Pantalu monthly magazine printed by Dept. of Agriculture for farmers
* WTO News Digest Quarterly magazine distributed to agri and allied sectors
* SEEDNET to automate 23 Seed Testing Lab. (includes DNA finger printing lab at hyd)
* Mee Seva launched in November 2011;
* Kisan Call Center 1551
* National Agriculture Insurance Scheme (NAIS, Kharif 2000)
* Financial support to farmers in event of crop loss in the yield
* Credit eligibility of farmers after a crop failure for next season and to help stabilize farm incomes
* Village as Unit Insurance Scheme:
* AP only state to have scheme in all districts (from 2008)
* Covers 20crops(Kharif) and 10crops(rabi)
* Polambadi programme:
* Increase use of pesticides increses cost of cultivation and poor quality of produce, reducing market prices and returns
* Being done from seed to seed so that farmers can observe and analyze the dynamics of crop ecology across the season
* Conducted in paddy, maize, pulses, oil seeds, cotton & coarse cereals
* Yeruvaka Purnima
* Invoke farmer community for starting agricultural operations on onset of SW Monsoon
* Organized on 4th June 2012 in 7 districts
* Demonstration of Seed treatment, farm implements, soil sampling, precautions reg.handling of pesticides etc are shown
* ATMA scheme
* Agriculture Tech. Management Agency 1st June 2005
* Support to State Extension Programmes for Extension Reforms
* Integrated Research and Extension activities and decentralizing day-to-day management of public Agriculture Tech. System
* Involves agri. Activities for sustainable agri. development in the district
* National Food Security Mission
* 11 districts for Rice (sri, viz, Vizag, kri, gun, nel, med, mah, nlg, khm, adi)
* 22 districts for Pulses (except Hyderabad)
* A3P (Accelerated Pulses Production Programme)
* plant nutrients and plant protection centric improved technologies and management practices
* four pulses gram, urad(blackgram), arhar(redgram/pigeonpea), moong (greengram)
* System of Rice Intensification (SRI) Increase production and productivity of rice with less water
* Rural Credit Co-operatives:
* A. Vaidyanathan suggested reorganization of credit societies
* PACS have been reorganized from 4465 to 2949
* Union publishes co-operative monthly magazine for carrying publicity and propaganda of co-op principles and co-op movement in state Sahakara Samacharam
* Rural Electric Supply Co-operative Societies:
* RESC obj purchase electricity in bulk from nearest DISCOM and distribute it to domestic, industrial and agricultural consumers in their area of op.
* Four RESCs Kuppam, Anakapalle, Cheepurupalle, Siricilla
* AP Micro Irrigation Project (APMIP):
* APMIP was launched in Nov 2003; enhance crop productivity by improving water usage efficiency through micro irrigation systems
* Area covered 8.95lac ha
* Area under drip/sprinkler irrigation 1.1lac ha
* Vegetable Initiatives for Urban Clusters implemented in Medak, Mahaboobnagar, rangareddy
* National Research centre Oilpalm pedavegi center, WG
* Livestock
* Livestock cattle, buffalo, goat, pig, sheep, poultry
* Livestock contribute 5,3% of GSDP and form 28.5% of agriculture sector
* Pasu Kranthi Pathakam govt. provided high pedigreed milch animals and heifers from other state with 50% subsidy for welfare of BPL families
* RKVY being implemented to achieve 9% growth rate in animal husbandry
* Livestock Insurance Scheme
* Milch animals will be insured on 50% subsidy basis
* Centrally sponsored
* Jeevamitra
* Fed. Is to provide basic health services at doorsteps of shepherds in villages
* Sheep Insurance
* Since 2006-07; ex-gratia 1lac
* Bhed Palak Bhima Yojana Central Wool Dev. Board:
* Insurance scheme for woolly sheep (Deccani Sheep) rearers through LIC
* NCDC assistance to dev. of small ruminants(Sheep & Goat) by AP Sheep Fed. For 3 dists Chittor, Mahaboobnagar, Prakasam
* Piggery dev. project Vizag, Vizianagaram, Srikakulam
* Jeeva Kranthi Pathakam
* GoAP; 2007-08; 50% subsidy
* To support BPL families by supplying Breeding Rams, Ram Lamb Units, Sheep and Goat Units, under CM package
* Fisheries
* It contributes 2.9% of GSDP; Annual growth rate 11.5%
* Four fish landing centres under Assistance to State for Developing Export Infra and Allied activities (ASIDE) in Vodalarevu, Laxmipurampalle, Gundaipalem, Uppalanka
* Forests
* 2nd largest state in forest area in India
* Silviculture practice of controlling establishment, growth, consumption, health and quality of forests to meet diverse needs and values
* MGNREGS:
* Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme
* Large number of nurseries are being raised under the Mahatma Gandhi Vana Nursery (MGVN) under MGNREGS
* Wildlife Conservation:
* Endemic species in AP state
* Cycas beddomi, Red sanders, shorea talura, Jerdons courser, Golden gecko, slender loris
* Insitu conservation:
* Conservation of natural habitats, maintenance, recovery of endangered species in their natural habitation
* 6 National Parks, 21 wildlife sanctuaries 4.72% GI or 20.38% forest area
* Exsitu conservation:
* Conservation of some endangered species in some man made habitat that imitates their natural habitat
* 4 Zoological Parks, 6 deer parks
* Integrated Development of Wildlife Habitats:
* Project Tiger
* Nagarjuna Srisailam Tiger Reserve (Rajiv Gandhi Wildlife Sanctuary)1979 attained Tiger Reserve status in 1983
* Spread area 3568km, GBWS 1194; Buffer 1175km
* Gundla Brahmeswaram Wildlife sanctuary is regarded as extended core for NSTR
* Tiger with its co-predators like Panther, sloth bear, wild dog are present here
* Prey base - spotted deer, sambar, four horned antelope, chinkara, wild boar
* Rare and Endangered species - Mouse Deer, Honey Badger, Giant Squirrel
* Chenchus Native tribe of Nallamallai Region
* Kawal Wildlife Sanctuary or Kawal Tiger Reserve (2nd TR in State)
* Present in Jannaram Mandal of Adilabad district
* Spread area - 893kms; buffer area 1123km
* Estimated around 150 cheetals in the sanctuary
* Project Elephant
* Rayala Elephant Reserve including Koundinya Wildlife sanctuary are being developed under project elephant
* Restoration of Mangrove Forests until now 3042km of area
* Palapitta Periodic Newsletter on Environmental education
* Geomatics
* creation of spatial (geographic) database on various scales
* vegetation cover mapping and monitoring, survey and verification of notified forest boundary using DGPS
* enumeration of trees outside the forests and developing web-enabled forest management information system
* CSI Nihilent egovernance award for AP Project Tribal Welfare Dept IC & T initiative
* First Exsitu Biodiversity Park by Dolphin conservation society in Vizag
* Bio piracy Red sand boa, star tortoise, Tarantula (spider), Red sander
* 22nd May International Biodiversity Day
* Sericulture
* Proddutur(Kadapa), Hindupur(Anantapur) famous for raw silk trading
* Bivoltine sericulture producing 2 broods or generations in a season
* 1% Ad-Valorem (to the value of) tax on the sale or purchase of product
* Rythu Bazars 107 in number at an average 45,000 farmers every week
* Industries:
* Single Window Act
* Industrial Single Window Clearance Act in 2002
* For speedy processing and issue of various approvals/clearances/permissions required for setting up of Industrial undertakings and also to create an investment friendly environment in the State
* Mega Projects
* Projects with investment more than 250cr is a mega project as per New Industrial Promotion Policy 2010-15
* Prime Ministers Employment Generation Programme(PMEGP) central scheme funded by Ministry of Micro, Small, Medium Enterprises
* Industrial Investment Promotion Policy (2010-15):
* Incentives for MSME and Large Industries in all districts except Vijayawada, GVMC and GHMC and excluding existing Industrial Estates/Parks, Industrial Estates notified / to be notified
* Incentives given for micro and small enterprises:
* 15% investment subsidy on fixed investment capital to a max of 20lacs
* 100% reimbursement of stamp duty paid on land purchase for ind. Use
* 25% rebate of land cost limited to 10lac in Industrial estates and parks
* Fixed power cost @ Rs.0.75 per unit (upper ceiling) on the proposed revised rates (2010-11) for a period of 5 years from the date of commencement of commercial production
* Reimbursement of 100% and 50% VAT/CST or SGST for micro and medium enterprises respectively
* 50% Reimbursement of cost involved in skill up-gradation and training of local manpower limited to Rs.2000 per person.
* 50% subsidy on expenses incurred for quality certification / patent registration limited to Rs.2.00 Lakh for MSEs.
* 25% subsidy on specific cleaner production measures limited to Rs.5.00 Lakh.
* To extend investment subsidy to identified service activities related to industries setup in all Municipal Corporation limits in the State
* Index of Industrial Production(IIP):
* Yardstick for measuring the Industrial growth of state
* It includes the relative change of physical production in the field of Industry during specific period as compared to the previous period
* IIP for mining & quarrying, Manufacturing and Electricity sectors registered growth rate of 3.1%, -11.5%, -5.5% respectively
* State level Public Enterprises(SLPE):
* Top 5 Housing corp., AP Genco, APCPDCL, APSPDCL, TRANSCO
* Mines and Geology:
* AP known as Ratna Garbha
* Limestone(34%), Coal(10%), Mica(86%), Dolomites(11%), Bauxite(40%), Barytes(96%), Clays(30%), Heavy mineral beach sands(40%), Manganese(10%), Feldspar(11%), Quartz, Silica sand Soapstone(16%), Gold, Diamonds(16%), Uranium, Oil & Natural gas, Iron ore, Semi-precious stones, Granite(40%), Slates, Limestone slabs, Marbles, Dimensional & Building stones(40%)
* The State occupies first position in Barytes, Limestone and Beach sand heavy mineral deposits in the country
* There are huge deposits of Bauxite in East Godavari and Visakhapatnam districts.
* Krishna- Godavari on shore and off shore basins contain huge reserves of oil and natural gas.
* The State also has huge uranium deposits in Kadapa and Nalgonda districts
* AP is 2nd largest Cement producer
* percentage growth compared to last year during the same period was 27%
* Rare earth elements or Rare earth metals
* set of seventeen chemical elements in the periodic table, specifically the fifteen lanthanides plus scandium and yttrium
* Poverty and Unemployment:
* Poverty Ratios
* State - 22.8(Rural); 17.7(Urban); 21.1(Total)
* Centre 33.8(Rural); 20.9(Urban);29.8 (Total)
* Quinquennial (recurring every 5yrs) survey on Employment and Unemployment is conducted by NSSO(National Sample Survey Office)
* Work Force Participation Rate(WFPR) Number of persons employed per 1000 persons
* A person is considered working if he worked more than 4hrs or more during day
* WFPR in AP males in rural areas is increased, where as that of females decreased in 2009-10 when compared to 2004-05, while it has decreased for both males and females in urban areas
* Vocational Training Improvement Projects:
* ITI Thambalpally, Chittoor dist. Awarded Best performing Southern region ITI for 2012
* ITI Bhimavaram Best consolidation prize for 2012
* AP declared as best practicing state under PPP at the first national conference on skill development held at Mumbai
* Rajiv Yuva Kiranalu
* GoAP to provide placement linked skills to unemployed youth in private establishment
* Mission proposes to employ 15 lakh youth in jobs in the private industry by 2014
* All Government offices which have computer hardware and internet facility have been declared as registration centres so that unemployed can register themselves in RYK portal
* Social Infrastructure:
* Population growth rate = 11.1%;
* Most populous district Rangareddy (Former EG); least Vizianagaram
* Sex ratio = 992
* Density of population 308
* Pc of urban population to total population is 33.49
* World Population Day 11th July
* Literacy Rate = 67.66 pc (national=74.04pc); male 75.56pc; Female 59.74pc
* First Hyderabad(80.96pc); last Mahabubnagar 56.06pc
* Education:
* 86th amendment enhance the compulsory education for children of age group 6-14
* 21A Fundamental right
* 45 Directive principle of state policy
* 51A Fundamental duty of parent/guardian
* 93rd Amendment Reservation in educational institutions(incl. private institutions) for OBC students
* Pass percentage of students in SSC examination is 87.85 pc for year 2012-13
* Mid-day meal scheme 75% central & 25% state
* Rajiv Vidhya Mission SSA, NPEGEL(National Programme for Education of Girls at Elementary Level), KGBV(Kasturba Gandhi Balika Vidhyalayas)
* Balika Chetana Programme implemented in partnership with UNICEF to empower girls to overcome problems
* Snehabala programme Self Learning Interactive Materials(SLIM) for I and II class students
* QUEST A programme organized in ITDA(Integrated Tribal Development Agency) schools to provide quality education for ST students
* Chinnari Choopu conducted to screen and provide spectacles and perform surgical corrections to school children
* Mana TV Tele-lessons on important subjects for Intermediate students
* Teleconferences, Telecounselling and Panel discussions were organized through MANA TV
* live training programme for competitive examinations like BSRB, RRB, SSC are also arranged
* NAAC National Assessment and Accreditation Council accredits institutions of Higher education in India. Autonomous body funded by UGC
* Family Welfare
* Estimated Birth rate, Death rate, IMR of AP are 17.5, 7.5, 43 (National 21.8, 7.1, 44)
* ASHA(Accredited Social Health Activity):
* health resource person of first resort to provide all Maternal & Child Health services to the community in rural areas
* Started in 2005-06; 70,700 ASHAs in AP;
* CEMONC (Comprehensive Emergency Obstetric and Neonatal Care Services):
* Promote institutional deliveries, attend emergency pregnancy, delivery and child birth cases being reported within a range of 35 to 40 kms
* 156 CEMONC centres
* Janani Suraksha Yojana:
* Cash incentive of 700 given to pregnant woman to promote deliveries in public institutions in rural areas
* Sukhibhava scheme which provides Rs300 to BPL rural pregnant apart from above
* Extended to provide Rs. 600/- to under BPL urban pregnant woman who deliver in government institutions
* Home deliveries were provided an amount of Rs.500
* Janani Sishu Suraksha Karyakram:
* free cashless deliveries and care to sick new born till 30 days after birth at public health institutions; started October 2011
* MAARPU:
* bringing behavior change in community through convergence for effectively reducing MMR, IMR and to improve health and nutritional status of women & children
* JBAR (Jawahar Bala Aarogya Raksha):
* Aimed to to improve the health of school going children studying classes 1st to 10th standard in government and government aided schools
* immunisation, vitamin-A supplementation, biannual de-worming and referral services to higher medical institutions for better treatment
* Child Immunization:
* Infants under one year are vaccinated against VPDs through BCG, DPT, OPV, measles, hepatitis B vaccines
* BCG(Bacille Calmette Guerin) Tuberculous Meningitis
* DPT Diphtheria, Pertussis(Whooping cough), Tetanus
* OPV Oral Polio Vaccine
* Urban Slum Health Services:
* Started in 2000; provides preventive, promotive and curative services to people living in urban slum areas
* Birth Waiting Homes:
* provide complete nutrition and wage loss compensation to pregnant women and their attendants who use birth waiting home
* Rajiv Arogyasri Health Insurance Scheme:
* Implemented through Aarogyasri Health Care Trust; started - 1Apr2007
* each BPL family is provided health coverage to the extent of Rs.2.00 Lakh
* The scheme was implemented online through an efficient IT portal
* Aarogyamithra(Health Worker) helps illiterate patients
* No enrollment process, need a BPL card to claim the service
* CMCO Peripheral Center Patients without white card need to physically approach the CMCO centre with proof of residence for issuing of a temporary referral card for cashless treatment
* APVVP(AP Vaidya Vidhana Parishad):
* Manages secondary level hospitals; 234 hospitals under APVVP control
* Drugs are provided to all hospitals by the central drug stores under APHMHIDC as per the requirements specified by APVVP
* National Programme for prevention of CVD, NCD diseases:
* National Cancer Awareness Day - 7th Nov 2012
* World Diabetic Day - 14th Nov 2012
* World Habitat Day First Monday of every October
* International Day for Older persons (IDOP) 1st October
* National Vector Borne Diseases Control Programme:
* Every year 17million cases 0.8 million deaths before 1953
* NVBDCP deals with Malaria, Japanese Encephalities, Suspected Viral Encephalitis, Dengue, Chikungunya, Filaria and Kala Azar diseases
* SHUBHAM campaign
* unique and pioneering initiative of APSACSs and aims to improve HIV testing and hence converting them from unknown to known HIV status
* CABA - Children affected By AIDS implemented in 2 districts to address the care, support and treatment aspects and hundreds of CABA are linked to services like Education, Health and Nutrition
* SAHARA - identity cards for patients receiving the Anti- Retroviral Therapy (ART) medicines
* to access benefits provided by the Government like concessions for travel, priority in housing schemes and pensions etc
* Women Development and Child Welfare:
* Ujjwala Scheme - for prevention of trafficking, rescue, rehabilitation and re-integration of victims of trafficking and commercial sexual exploitation
* scheme provides food, shelter, clothing, counseling, legal aid to the inmates in rehabilitation
* ICDS
* Single largest centrally sponsored scheme
* There are 300 ICDS projects with 91,307 anganwadi centers
* Rajiv Gandhi Scheme for Empowerment of Adolescent Girls SABALA:
* cover Adolescent Girls in the age group 11 to 18 years in all ICDS projects in select 200 Districts across India
* In AP Vizag, WG, Chittor, Anantapur, Adilabad, Mahabubnagar,Hyd
* Kishori Samooh
* Girls in each group select three leaders of their choice for a year
* These girls will be called Sakhi and Saheli
* Sakhi and Sahelis, will be given training as per prescribed module at the project/circle level to serve as peer-monitors for Kishori Samooh
* Kishori Sadassu - celebrated once in three months. Supplementary nutrition, IFA supplementation, health check-up and referral, Nutrition and health education,Counselling/guidance on family welfare, ARSH, childcare practices and home management, life skills education and accessing public services and vocational training for adolescent girls
* IGMSY(Indira Gandhi Matriva Sahyog Yojana):
* conditional cash transfer scheme to be piloted initially in 52 districts across the country
* In AP it is implemented in WG and Nalgonda districts
* Pregnant Women of 19 years and above are entitled for benefits under the scheme for the first two live births
* The beneficiaries are paid Rs.4000/- in three installments
* AWW and AWH get an incentive of Rs200 and Rs100 respectively
* Kishori Shakti Yojana:
* 100% centrally sponsored scheme
* empowerment of adolescent girls by breaking the inter-cycle of nutritional and gender disadvantages in 2000
* Indira Darsini monthly magazine to create awareness among people about different services rendered by Women Dev & Child Welfare (WD&CW) dept.
* Juvenile Welfare:
* Sarathi
* Departments(Juvenile Justice Dept) project in collaboration with Kusuma Trust, UNICEF, Sadhana
* It is training manual for frontline workers in child welfare and development agencies
* It equips with counseling knowledge and legal skills to enable early intervention with vulnerable children
* Disabled Welfare:
* The Persons with Disabilities Act, 1996
* Deals with prevention and promotional aspects of rehabilitation of education, employment and vocational training, creation of barrier-free environment, provision of rehabilitation service for persons with disabilities
* 5 Residential Schools for visually impaired, 6 Residential Schools for hearing impaired; 1 residential Jr. College for hearing impaired in Bapatla and 1 residential Jr. College for visually impaired in Mahabubnagar dists.
* 1.79% of the total population of A.P are disabled as per 2001 census
* Schemes:
* A subsidy of Rs.3000/- was sanctioned to disabled persons under economic rehabilitation scheme during 2011-12
* Incentive award for marriage b/w disabled and normal person was increased to Rs50000
* 50 % subsidy on petrol to disabled persons having motorized own vehicles for self-transportation with annual income up to Rs.24,000
* 3% reservation in promotions to disabled employees. 3% seats in coaching and training facilities for disabled in all Welfare departments irrespective of caste/religion
* BC Welfare:
* BC 138 communities;
* Reimbursement of tuition fees for EBCs on saturation basis on par with BCs from the year 2009-10
* AP BC Co-operative Finance Co-operation Limited:
* Margin Money:
* provide financial assistance to B.C. beneficiaries in agriculture and allied sectors, small business and industry, service and transport sector activities
* The beneficiaries are covered from rural area:
* Subsidy of 50% unit cost not exceeding Rs.30,000/- per beneficiary
* 40% or balance of unit cost as bank loan.
* 10% of the unit cost as beneficiary contribution
* For unit cost that is more than Rs.60,000/ subsidy of Rs.30,000 is provided, 10% beneficiary contribution and the balance is loan from Banks
* Rajiv Abhyudaya Yojana:
* Similar to that of Marginal Money but implemented in Urban areas
* Social Welfare:
* SC:
* SC people 123.39lac; 16.19% of total population; 4th largest SC pop
* 82% of the Scheduled Caste people are living in rural areas
* Sex Ratio among the Scheduled Castes is 981
* The literacy rate among SCs was 53.52 in 2001
* Social Welfare department is to look after the educational advancement, socio-economic development, welfare and protection of Scheduled Castes
* Rajiv Vidhya Deewena - pre-matric scholarships to Scheduled Caste students studying in Government schools, APSW Residential Schools from 2012-13 onwards
* Scheduled Castes Sub-Plan and Tribal Sub-Plan (Planning, Allocation, and Utilization of Financial Resources) Act, 2013:
* First pioneer state in the country that has initiated such Legislative intervention
* Accelerated dev. of SCs & STs in the coming 10years in the areas of economic, educational and human development along with ensuring security, social dignity and promoting equity
* Social Welfare Department is designated as the Nodal Department for Scheduled Castes Sub-Plan (SCSP)
* The Nodal Agency for implementation of the Tribal Sub-Plan (TSP) is constituted under the Chairmanship of Minister Tribal Welfare
* Tribal Welfare:
* Tribal welfare department was established in 1962
* tribal population of Andhra Pradesh according to 2001 Census is 50.24 Lakh constituting about 6.59%
* Punadi - introduced in all tribal welfare schools covering 250000 students in class 3rd to 9th for strengthening the academic foundation of ST students
* QuEST - a unique initiative that aims to attain subject specific, class specific competencies
* Bhavita - a mass contact initiative aimed at counseling, assessingt and prepararing individual employment plans for ST youth
* The subsidy was increased from Rs.10,000/- to Rs.30,000/- from 2009-10
* Vetamamidi (EG dist) has a mini hydel project which is commissioned and maintained by local tribals
* Minorities Welfare:
* As per 2001 census, the population of Minorities in our State was around 82.00 Lakh, which constitutes over 11% of the total population
* The Andhra Pradesh State Minorities Commission was constituted in 1979
* Subsequently, it was enacted as the A.P. State Minorities Commission Act, 1998
* looks into specific issues in the area of social equity and addressing complaints of discrimination faced by Minority Community
* Chamak Scheme - Free coaching to minorities for job oriented competitive examinations
* Provides free coaching to job-oriented competitive examinations
* Provides free coaching in Language Communication and Key Skills
* Provides free books and study materials to candidates availing coaching
* AP State Haj Committee:
* Haj Committee is constituted for making arrangements for the Haj.pilgrimage of Muslims
* Youth Services:
* Youth welfare schemes are categorized as following:
* Providing self-employment to unemployed youth
* Training to provide employment
* Other participatory programmes
* Rajiv Yuvasakthi Programme :
* provide financial assistance, create self-employment opportunities for eligible unemployed youth, and establish self-employment units in Industry, Service and Business Sectors
* Yuva Chaitanya Sadassulu - hrough coordination of Nehru Yuva Kendras
* Housing:
* APSHCL(AP State Housing Corporation Limited) motivated and educated beneficiaries to eliminate exploitation by middlemen, reduced cost of construction by encoraging adoption of cost-effective and eco-friendly technologies, and helped in capacity building and utilization of human resources from rural and urban poor
* Rajiv Swagruha launched in 2007;
* affordable housing to moderate income group in all municipalities and municipal corporations in the State
* Objective - make available houses / flats to moderate income group at 25% less cost than the prevailing market rate
* Multi-storied constructions are taken up in municipal corporations and independent houses in other municipalities
* Rural Water Supply:
* World Bank Assistance Programme:
* 864cr sanctioned for 5years in 6 districts
* proposed to provide drinking water facilities in quality affected, not covered and partially covered habitations with IBRD Assistance
* Visakhapatnam, Prakasam, Kadapa, Mahabubnagar, Karimnagar and Adilabad
* TSC/NBA:
* Total Sanitation Campaign/ Nirmal Bharat Abhiyan(1Apr2012)
* It emphasizes Information, Education and Communication (IEC), human resources development, and capacity development activities to increase awareness and demand generation for sanitation facilities
* Urban Water Supply and Sanitation:
* JNNURM:
* JN National Urban Renewal Mission
* Launched in 2005-06; budgetary provision 50000Cr for 7yrs
* mission aims to encourage reform and fast track infra development
* Urban Infra Dev. Scheme for Small and Medium Towns:
* Provide urban infra in Water Supply, Under Ground Drainage, Storm Water Drains, Solid Waste Management and Transportation in Non-mission Urban local bodies (ULBs)
* Scheme applies to ULBs except Hyd, Vizag, Vijayawada, Tirupati
* funding pattern is in the ratio of 80:10:10 between Government of India, Government of Andhra Pradesh and ULB
* Integrated Housing Slum Development Program:
* To improve infrastructure facilities in slum areas
* The funding pattern is 80:10:10 between Central Government, State Government and ULB
* Urban Infrastructure Development in Satellite Towns (UIDST):
* Selected satellite town of AP Vikarabad Town for CSSUIDST(Centrally Sponsored Scheme for UIDST)
* Muncipal Administration:
* Urban sanitation door to door garbage collection
* Muncipal Solid Waste Management Waste to Energy Projects
* All ULBs grouped in to 19 clusters for management of MSW
* 5 projects have been permitted to utilize waste generated in 67 ULBs and 1 is operational at present
* Rajiv Nagara Bata Programme:
* Jan2005; all ULBs
* Provision of adequate water, drainage system, street lighting, roads etc., with an emphasis on basic infra
* Provide minimum infra in community and religious institutions like temples mosques, churches
* INDIRAMMA:
* Integrated Novel Development in Rural Areas and Model Municipal Areas
* all wards in the Municipal Area over a period of three years for basic infra facilities and welfare measures
* Old people, widows, weavers and disabled persons are given pensions
* Indira Kranthi Patham:
* Mission for Elimination of Poverty in Municipal Areas(MEPMA)
* organize poor women into SHGs by covering all families living in slums and enable them to become self-reliant
* 3.02lac Women SHGs 30lac women
* 10.59lac SHG 115.48 members (Total)
* Urban Self Employment Programme:
* Urban poor to set up self-employment ventures and micro enterprises with 25% subsidy with an upper limit of Rs 2.00 Lakh cost per unit
* Abhaya Hastham(Pension cum Insurance Scheme):
* co-contributory pension cum insurance for the benefit of SHG women over and above the age of 18 years in urban areas to provide social security after the age of 60 years
* Janasri Bhima Yojana:
* Oct2010; for uncovered SHG members in YSR Abhayahastam
* Rajiv Awas Yojana:
* for the slum dwellers and urban poor
* central support to State if assign property rights to slum dwellers
* MEPMA nodal agency to make slum free AP through RAY
* HMDA:
* Hussainsagar Lake and Catchment Area Improvement Project with ODA loan from JICA(Japan Intl. Co-op Agency)
* Hyderabad Metro Rail Project(HRMP) is the worlds largest Metro Rail project being executed in public private partnership (PPP) mode (L&T and GoI)
* 72 km Hyderabad Metro Rail project is the worlds largest mass transit project being built in PPP mode
* The financial model envisages generation of about 50% of the revenue from passenger fares, 45% from property development and 5% from advertisements
* GoAP set up Special Tax Force(STF) headed by Chief Secretary(Minnie Mathews) for regular monitoring of the project
* Rural Development:
* Watershed Development Programmes to the drought related Rainfed areas DPAP, DDP, IWDP, IWMP, Indira Prabha, NGNREGS
* DPAP:
* Drought Prone Area Programme/Desert Dev. Programme:
* Funding 75:25; from 2000;
* drought proofing by taking up soil and moisture conservation, water harvesting structures, afforestation and horticulture
* IWDP:
* Integrated Wasteland Dev. Programme
* 1992; 100%;
* Impl. In non-DPAP blocks of DPAP dist. And non DPAP dists.
* area is treated with soil and moisture conservation works, water harvesting structures, afforestation
* IWMP:
* Integrated Watershed Management Programme
* 90:10;
* Restore ecological bal. by harnessing, conserving and developing degraded natural resource such as soil, vegetative cover and water
* Prevent soil run-off, regeneration of natural vegetation, rain water harvesting and recharging of ground water table
* Indira Prabha:
* Nov2004;
* Provide an Integrated and Comprehensive Livelihood options and development of compact blocks of assigned land owned by poor SC, ST, BC and other communities
* MGNREGS:
* February 2, 2006
* legal guarantee of providing at least 100 days of wage employment to rural households whose adult members are willing to do unskilled manual labour
* Chenchu Tribe Group Special Strategy:
* Eevery Chenchu laborer is provided with continuous wage employment through-out the year
* Every Chenchu labor is assured of Rs 1000 every month
* 4 special offices opened under NREGS Chenchu project
* Unnati(Nirupedala Samagrabhivriddhi):
* improving the standard of living, enable social inclusion and assist the disadvantaged and vulnerable groups come out of poverty through intensive handholding
* Obj all target households earn a minimum of Rs. 1.20 lakh income per annum from multiple livelihood sources in 3 yrs
* Obj - significant improvement is affected in human development indicators
* Social and Human Development:
* gender equity, recognizing people with disabilities among the poorest of the poor, health and nutrition intervention, quality education, poverty alleviation (Millenium Goals)
* Millenium goals will be set by UN
* Indias HDI (Mahabub ul Haq, Amartya Sen) rank 136(0.554) former rank 134
* States Rank(2011)
* Kerala, Delhi (high HD)
* AP 15th (0.437, low HD)
* Chattisgarh last (0.358)
* Aam Admi Jeevitha Bhima Yojana:
* March2008; To benefit Rural agriculture landless labours
* LIC provides insurance cover of 30000 for natural deaths and 75000 for accidental for a premium of 320
* premium is shared by the Central and State on 50:50 basis
* Swaranjayanti Gram Swarojgar Yojana(SGSY):
* 75:25; 1Apr1999
* to uplift poor families above poverty line by providing them income generating assets through a mix of bank credit and Government subsidy
* National Rural Livelihood Mission(NRLM):
* NRLM replaced SGSY from June2011
* Cover BPL households in villages through self-managed SHGs
* Aided in part through investment support by the World Bank
* National Family Benefit Scheme:
* NFBS is part of NSAP(National Social Assistance Programme)
* Provide lump sum amount to family BPL on the death of primary breadwinner. A one-time grant of Rs5000 is given
* Rural Infra Dev Fund:
* With assistance of NABARD
* NAtional Bank for Agri & Rural Dev. Prakash Bakshi
* connectivity, and construction of school building works
* Rajiv Palle Bata:
* People get an opportunity to represent their problems directly to their leaders. The leadership, in turn, benefits from public feed-back about governmental polices
* Rachabanda:
* Intended to motivate and instill confidence in public by redressing their grievances on the spot and to take administration to the door steps of the people
* Prajapatham:
* An interaction programme between the public, their elected representatives and a team of public servants in their own territory
* Indiramma Bata:
* 14thJul2012
* Assess the status and outreach of developmental and welfare programmes being implemented in the State
* Economic Infrastructure:
* Irrigation:
* At present, 86 projects (44 Major + 30 Medium + 4 Flood Banks + 8 Modernisation) are being considered under Jalayagnam
* Some Lift Irrigation Projects:
* BR Ambedkar Pranahita Chevella Sujala Sravanti project - on Godavari
* Mahatma Jyothi Rao Pule Dummugudem Nagarjuna Sagar Tail Pond
* Chinthalapudi Lift Irrigation scheme WG, Krishna
* Babu Jagjeevan Ram Uttarandhra Sujala Sravanthi Project Srikakulam, Vijayanagaram, Vizag
* P.V. Narasimha Rao Kanthanapally Sujala Sravanthi Warangal, Khammam, Nalgonda
* World bank assisted project Hydrology project phase II
* building and expanding development of a comprehensive Hydrological Information System (HIS)
* proposed to intensify HIS and lead to effective and efficient water resources planning and management
* Power:
* APSEB(AP State Electricity Board) 1959; divided into APGENCO, APTRANSCO 1999
* DISCOM DIStribution COMpanies
* E-Vaaradhi - an electronic method of reaching electricity consumers was introduced in EPDCL for passing messages relating to billing information, power shut down information through SMS
* APSRTC
* Road Transport Sector was under the department of Hyderabad State from 1st Nov.1951
* APSRTC was formed as a separate corporation from 11january, 1958
* APSRTC is the largest State Road Transport undertaking in the country was acknowledged both by Limca book of records (2000), and the Guinness Book of World Records (31st October, 1999)
* corporation has 7 Zones, 23 Regions and 211 Depots with a total fleet strength of 22,604 buses and 1.23 Lakh employees
* Ports:
* Kakinada Anchorage Port - Anchorage Port is a sheltered Port in 17 Kms length of Hope Island.
* Rawa port is located in East Godavari District and has an off shore single buoy mooring system for collecting off shore oil tankers
* Gangavaram Port This Port is located in Visakhapatnam district. It is being developed with private participation as a Multipurpose all weather port to become the deepest port
* Krishnapatnam Port - is in Nellore District and is the first Greenfield port
* Vodarevu, Nizampatnam Port and Industrial Corridor- VANPIC Project - Vodarevu port in Prakasam district and Nizampatnam Port in Guntur district under Public Private Participation Mode
* Machilipatnam Port GoAP is developing the Machilipatnam port in Krishna District under PPP
* IT and Communications:
* ITAll India growth rate is 15.7%, AP recorded a growth rate of 16% in 2011-12
* The State of Andhra Pradesh contributes 12.4% to national IT exports and ranks 4th in IT performance in the country
* SEZ is a specifically delineated enclave treated as foreign territory for the purpose of industrial, service and trade operations, with relaxation in customs duties and more liberal regime regarding other levies, foreign investments and other transactions
* Organising the ICT Promotion event Advantage A.P. 2013 - to project the State as the most preferred IT destination
* 11th Plan Review:
* GSDP grew at 8.18% during 11th plan period (2007-12) National growth(8.03%)
* Agriculture sector 5.28%
* Industrial Sector 7.26%
* Service sector 9.81%
* Agriculture Sector:
* Record Food grain generation in 2008-09 period 205lac tons
* State accounts for more than 10% of the countrys livestock and ranks 1st in Egg and Meat production and 2nd in milk production
* Livestock sector 26% of agri-GSDP; 5.4% of overall GSDP; GR 7.1%
* State ranks second in the country in fish production
* 12.1% of the Agri-GSDP and 2.6% of the overall GSDP grew at over 10%
* Forestry & Logging sub-sector which on average contributes 5.57% of the Agri-GSDP and 1.2% of the overall GSDP has grown at 1.9%
* Industry Sector
* Electricity, Gas and Water Supply sub sector grew with an impressive growth rate of 10.07%
* Construction subsector with a growth rate of 8.24%
* Mining & Quarrying subsector, showing a volatile trend, grew at 3.12%
* manufacturing sub-sector which on average accounts for more than 48% of the Industrial GSDP and over 12% of the GSDP, grew at 7.63%
* Service Sector
* Service sector contributes 53% of GSDP
* Sub-sectors of Service sector Communications, Banking & Insurance, Real estate & Business services and Transport (other than Railways) & Storage
* 11th plan Economic services(64%), Social service(35%), General services(1%)
* Jalayagnam - aim to complete ongoing and other new projects to provide immediate irrigation to water-starving segments
* Rajiv Aarogya Sree Community Health Insurance Under PPP, to improve access of BPL families to quality medical treatment of diseases involving hospitalization and surgery
* Various Flagship programmes and their performance
* RKVY central(100%); increase investment in agriculture and allied sectors to achieve annual growth of 4%
* SHM launched on 3rd Nov 2005; holistic growth of Horticulture sector
* focus crops under SHM are: 1.Mango 2. Sweet Orange 3. Sapota 4. Pomegranate 5.Banana 6.Papaya and 7.Cashew 8. Flowers 9. Spices
* MGNREGS
* MGNREGA provide 100 days of wage employment to rural households whose adult members are willing to do unskilled manual labour
* Government has enhanced the number of work days per year 150 and the wage rate Rs. 137 per day
* Accelerated Irrigation Benefit Programme GoI initiated assistance to complete ongoing major and medium irrigation projects taken up with CWC and Planning Commission Clearances
* RGGVY twin objectives of electrification of villages and to provide access to electricity to BPL households in the country
* Central : state = 90:10
* NRDWP - intends to provide safe and adequate drinking water facilities to quality affected habitations, not covered habitations and partially covered habitations in rural areas
* TSC/NBA - accelerate further the sanitation coverage in the rural areas so as to comprehensively cover the rural community with renewed strategies
* Vision - Nirmal Bharat by 2022 with all gram Panchayats in the country attaining Nirmal status
* IAY - intends to provide Houses to BPL families (SC/ST/Minorities/others) living in rural areas
* JNNURM - improve efficiency in urban infrastructure/services delivery mechanism, community participation and accountability of Urban Local Bodies/ Parastatals towards citizens
* Obj - Urban Infrastructure and Governance (UIG), Basic Services for the Poor (BSUP), Urban Infrastructure and Development Scheme for Small and Medium Towns (UIDSSMT) and Integrated Housing and Slum Development Programme: (IHSDP)
* PMGSY All season access to remotest and unconnected habitations
* 100%central;
* Mid-day meal - improve the nutritional status of children
* NRHM reduction of IMR, MMR. Universal access to public health services
* NSAP (National Social Assistance Programme) Flagship programme of GoI which aims to provide human security to poor and destitute; 100%central;
* NSAP has three components - NOAPS, NFBS and Annapurna Scheme
* National Rural Livelihood Mission (NRLM):
* It replaced Swaranjayanti Gram Swarojgar Yojana(SGSY);
* Central and state at 75:25 ratio
* It is aided in part through investment support by the World Bank
* Backward Regions Grant Fund(BRGF):
* Formerly known as Rastriya Sam Vikas Yojana(RSVY)
* low agricultural productivity, Unemployment, and to fill the critical gaps in physical and social infrastructure so as to redress regional imbalances in development
* Indira Jal Prabha:
* Nov 2011;
* to convert 10 lakh acres of uncultivated lands belonging to the poorest of poor SC/ST households to cultivable irrigated lands during 12th FYP
* Indiramma Amrutha Hastham:
* One nutritious meal a day to pregnant woman and lactating mothers is being provided at Anganwadis
* 12th Five Year Plan period(2012-17):
* Growth Rate in state is better than National average during 10th and 11th plans (particularly in agriculture and industry sectors)
* High GSDP + decline in growth of Population = 10% higher PCI than National avg.
* Estimated Growth Rate for 12th FY period
* 8.2%(national) agriculture(4%); Industry(8.2%); Service(9.1%)
* 10%(state) agriculture(6%), Industry(10.5%); Services(11.5%)
* Largest projected outlay of all states in 12th plan 3,42,842cr (9.2% of all states)
* Priorities and strategies of 12th plan
* Poverty reduction from 29.6% in 2004-05 to 21.1% in 2009-10
* Agriculture and allied
* Agriculture Technology Mission(ATM) - agriculture, horticulture, fisheries, food processing, storage and marketing
* Thrust areas SRI, seed replacement, oil palm development, cluster development, avoidance of handling losses
* Food grain prod. To reach a new peak of 300lac MT
* Micronutrient deficiency in Andhra Pradesh soils is identified as one of the major constraints to crop productivity
* Macro nutrients N, K, S, Ca, Pm Mg
* Micro nutrients Cl, Fe, Zn, Mn, B, Cu, Ni, Mo
* Construction of scientific storage space aimed to reduce post-harvest losses from 35% to less than 25%
* During 12th FYP, it is planned to create 78.9 lakh acres of Irrigation Potential
* Energy
* Andhra Pradesh Solar Power Policy, 2012 - state has planned for purchase of 1000 MW of solar power through DISCOMs
* Population annual growth rate stands at 1.11%
* Andhra Pradesh Scheduled Castes Sub-Plan and Tribal Sub-Plan(Planning Allocation and Utilisation of Financial Resources), 2013
* ensure accelerated development of Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes with emphasis on achieving equality in the next ten years focusing on economic, educational and human development
* ensuring the security and social dignity and promoting equity among the SCs and STs
* Aadhar Governance Award by the UIDAI East Godavari
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