Distribution of non-metallic minerals and energy resources

Distribution of non-metallic minerals and energy resources
Prologue:
Last article is about metallic resources only as time was less for whole topic. Sources dont allow me to gather much information on non-metallic distribution, please update whenever you find relevant information.
Non-Metallic resources minerals

* Mica
Features:

* mainly used in electric industry

* great insulating property

* can withstand high voltage

* low power loss factor

* can be split into very thin sheets which are tough and flexible

Formation/occurence:

* obtained from muscovite, biotic and phlogopite ores.

* occurs inigneous,metamorphicandsedimentaryregimes

* typically mined fromgraniticpegmatites.

Distribution:


CountriesLocation

ChinaLiaoning

RussiaSakha, Buryatia, Petrozavodsk

FinlandNorthern Karelia

UsNew Hamsphire, Connecticut, Maine

CanadaOntario


Other countries : Spain, France, South Korea.


* Limestone:
Features:

* Aggregate of calcium carbonate, carbonate of calcium and magnesium of a mixture of two.

* contain small quantity of silica, alumina, iron-oxides, phosphorus and sulphur.

* used in cement, iron-steel, chemical industries and as building material

* limestone with high silicon content preferred in cement industry

Occurence/Formation:

* Limestone deposits are of sedimentary origin

* exists almost in all geological formation from Pre-Cambrian to recent except Gondwana

* Many limestones are composed from skeletal fragments of marine organisms such ascoral.

CountryLocation

China In all states except Sanghai

USAIndiana: major source of limestone

FinlandKainuu, Southern Ostrobothnia, Central Finland, Tavastia proper, Kymen Laakso, South Savonia, Northern Karelia

Other countries : Sweden, Ireland, Mexico.

* Diamond:
Features:

* known for its brilliance, luster, transparency and hardness.

* highest hardness and thermal conductivity; have high optical dispersion; chemically stable;

* used as cutting and polishing tools; precious stone, used in jewelry


CountryLocations

South AfricaBaken mines (along Orange river), Cullinan mines (gauteng), Finsch mines (Northern Cape), Koffiefontein mines (Free State), Venetia mines (Largest - in Limpopo)

RussiaMir mines (in Eastern Siberia), Udachny mines, Jubilee mines, Aikhal mines, Komsomolskaya mines, Zarnitsa mines ( all in sakha)

AustraliaArgyle mines (East Kimberley), Merlin mines (Northern Territory), Ellendale mines (Western Australia)

CanadaNorthern Territory : Daivik mines, Ekati mines, Jericho mines, Sanp Lake mines, Gahcho Kue minesOntario: Victor mines

BotswanaJwaneng mines (Kweneng), Damtshaa mines, Latehakane mines , Orapa mines, Karowe mines (all in Central Botswan)

AngolaCatoca mines (Lunda Sul), Facuma mines (Lunda Norte), Luarica mines (Luanda)

BrazilAmazons, Mato Groso, Para, Roraima, Maranhao, Bahia, Mina Gerais, Parana

NambiaNamdeb, Afri-Can Marine-along coastline of Atlantic Ocean

GhanaWestern Ghana, Central Ghana, Eastern Ghana , Greater Accra



Distribution of Energy Resources

Conventional Energy Resources:


* Coal
Types :
1. Peat :

* contains highest percentage of moisture

* give more smoke

* has less tahn 40% of carbon

* inferior quality

* represents first stage of coal formation

2. Lignite (brown coal):

* superior to peat coal

* under increasing pressure and heat : Peat -> Lignite

* contains 40-60% of carbon

3. Bituminous (black-coal):

* When coal is buried very deep, moisture gets expelled. Increased temperature = Bituminous coal.

* Dense, compact and black in color

* Traces of original vegetation (from which it has been formed) found in it

* 60-80% of carbon

* most popular in commercial use

* used in making coking coal (mainly used in iron and steel industry), gas coal, steam coal

4. Anthracite (Hard coal) :

* highest quality of coal

* 80-90% carbon

* very little volatile matter and insignificant proportion of moisture

* short blue color

* more expensive

Features:

* Used in generation of thermal energy and smelting of iron ore

* used as raw material in chemical and fertilizer industries

* used as fuel



CountryLocation

South AfricaLimpopo - Northern Transvaal; Mpumalanga- Waterberg coalfield, Highveld coalfield, Witbank coalfield, Ermelo coalfield; Kwazula Natal - Ultrecht coalfield, Klip River coalfield

ChinaHeilongjiang, Jilin, Inner Mongolia, Liaoning, Shanxi, Shandong, Henan, Hebei, Jiangsu, Anhui, Jiangxi

USPennsyluania, West Virginia, Kentucky, Colorado, Wyoming, Raton Basin, Harrisburg coal field, Southern Illinocs coal field, Appalachian Mountain, Montana

GermanyBergwerk Ibbenburen, in Ibbenburen; Zeche Auguste Viktoria, in Marl; Bergwerk Prosper-Haniel, Bottrop: Bergwerk West , Kamp Lintfort; Bergwerk Saar, Saarlouis

AustraliaBowen Basin in Queensland , Hunter region in New South Wales, Latrobe valley in Victoria

RussiaFar eastern - Chukotka, Magadan, Sakha, Amur; Siberian - Zakaykalsky Krai, Tuva, Altai, Kemerovo; Northwestern - Nenetsia; Central - Tver, Kostroma

CanadaBritish Columbia, Aberta, Saskatchewan, New Brunswick, Prince Edward, Nova Scotia

Other countries : Venezuela, Brazil, Mongolia, UK, France, Zimbawe


* Petroleum:
Features:

* Fuel resource; provide lubricants and raw material for chemical industries

* Its products: kerosene, diesel, petrol, aviation fuel, synthetic rubber, synthetic fiber, thermoplastic resins, benzene-methansol, polystertene, acrylates, detergents, aromatics, gasoline, carbon black, dyes, colors, food-colors, pigments, explosives, printing ink, film photography, greases, cosmetics, paints, lubricant oils, parafiin and wax.

Occurence/Formation:

* consists of hydrocarbons of liquid and gaseous states

* mainly obtained from sedimentary rocks of marine origin

* Living organisms and vegetal matter got buried under sediments of mud, silt and sand, etc -- due to pressure and heat - undergoes chemical changes -- form crude oil and natural gas.



CountryLocation

Saudi ArabiaNorthern Borders, Eastern province, Persian Gulf

IraqDahuk, As Sulaymaniyah, Al Bas Rah

IranAzarba Yjan-E Khavari, Kermanshah, Llam, Khuzestan, Bushehr

RussiaNorthwestern, Urals, Southern

NorwayNorweigien Sea, North Sea

CanadaAlberta, Saskatchewan, offshore areas of Newfoundland

VenezuelaFalcon, Zulia, Sucre, Gaurico, Trujillo, Barinas, Anzoategui

Other countries : UAE, US, Russia, Algeria, Libya, China, Mexico, Kuwait


* Natural Gas:

Features:

* used for heating ,cooking, energy generation

* used as fuel for vehicles

* also used as chemical feedstock in the manufacture of plastics and other commercially important organic chemicals.

Foramtion/Occurence:

* naturally occurringhydrocarbongasmixture

* consisting primarily ofmethane, but commonly includes varying amounts of other higheralkanesand even a lesser percentage ofcarbon dioxide,nitrogen, andhydrogen sulfide.

* found in deep underground rock formations or associated with other hydrocarbon reservoirs incoal bedsand asmethane clathrates


CountryLocation

IranKermanshah, Lorestan, Golestan, Razavi Khorasan, Bashehr, Hormozgan, Fars, Esfahan

RussiaSouthern, Northwestern, Urals

Saudi ArabiaNorthern Borders, Eastern province, Persian Gulf

QatarJamayliyah

NorwayNorweigien Sea, North Sea

IndonesiaAceh, Riau, Kalimantan Barat

Other countries : Algeria, Canada, US, Venezuela, China, Mexico, Colombia, Nigeria, Australia, Libya


* Hydro-Electricity:
-generated from water: production of electrical power through the use of the gravitational force of falling or flowing water

Generating methods :
1. Conventional (dams):
-Most hydroelectric power comes from thepotential energyofdammedwater driving awater turbineandgenerator.
-The power extracted from the water depends on the volume and on the difference in height between the source and the water's outflow.
-This height difference is called thehead.
-The amount ofpotential energyin water is proportional to the head.

2. Pumped-storage:
-produces electricity to supply high peak demands by moving water betweenreservoirsat different elevations. At times of low electrical demand ->excess generation capacityis used to pump water into the higher reservoir.
- When there is higher demand, water is released back into the lower reservoir through a turbine.

3. Run-of-the-river

4. Tide
5. Underground
-Anunderground power stationmakes use of a large natural height difference between two waterways, such as a waterfall or mountain lake.
-An underground tunnel is constructed to take water from the high reservoir to the generating hall built in an underground cavern near the lowest point of the water tunnel and a horizontal tailrace taking water away to the lower outlet waterway.

List of some dams (list is not exhausted):


CountriesNameRiver

ChinaThree Gorges Dam Longtan DamLaxiwa DamXiaowan DamErtan DamPubugou DamGoupitan DamGezhouba DamJinanqiao DamLiyuan DamGuandi DamLijiaxia DamYangtzeHongshuiYellowMekongYalongDaduWuYangtzeJinshaJinshaYalongYellow

CanadaRobert-BourassaChurchill FallsW. A. C. Bennett DamLa Grande-4Manic-5 and Manic-5-PARevelstoke DamLa Grande-3La Grande-2-ALa GrandeChurchillPeace RiverLa GrandeManicouaganColumbiaLa GrandeLa Grande

BrazilItaipu DamTucuruIlha Solteira DamXing DamPaulo Afonso IVItumbiaraParanaTocantinsParanaSao FranciscoSao FranciscoParanaba

USAGrand CouleeChief Joseph DamNiagara Falls (US)John Day DamHoover DamColumbiaColumbiaNiagaraColumbiaN. Platte

RussiaSayanoShushenskayaKrasnoyarskBratsaUst IlimskayaVolzhskaya (Volgogradskaya)Zhiguliovskaya (Samarskaya)Bureya DamYeniseiYeniseiAngaraAngaraVolgaVolgaBureya




* Nuclear Energy:
-important minerals used are : Uranium and Thorium
-exothermic nuclear processes

Some nuclear energy plants in world : (only main producers)


CountryName (not exhausted)

France
* Belleville Nuclear Power Plant -
* Blayais Nuclear Power Plant
* Bugey Nuclear Power Plant
* Cattenom Nuclear Power Plant
* Chinon Nuclear Power Plant
* Chooz Nuclear Power Plant
* Civaux Nuclear Power Plant
* Cruas Nuclear Power Plant
* Dampierre Nuclear Power Plant
* Fessenheim Nuclear Power Plant
* Flamanville Nuclear Power Plant
* Golfech Nuclear Power Plant
* Gravelines Nuclear Power Plant
* Nogent Nuclear Power Plant
* Paluel Nuclear Power Plant
* Penly Nuclear Power Plant
* Phnix Nuclear Power Plant
* Saint-Alban Nuclear Power Plant
* Saint-Laurent Nuclear Power Plant
* Tricastin Nuclear Power Center

Japan
* Fukushima I
* Fukushima II
* Genkai
* Hamaoka
* Higashidori
* Ikata
* Kashiwazaki-Kariwa
* Mihama
* Monju
* Oi
* Onagawa
* Sendai
* Shika
* Shimane
* Takahama
* Tokai
* Tomari
* Tsuruga

Germany
* Biblis Nuclear Power Plant
* Brokdorf Nuclear Power Plant
* Brunsbttel Nuclear Power Plant
* Emsland Nuclear Power Plant
* Grafenrheinfeld Nuclear Power Plant
* Gundremmingen Nuclear Power Plant
* Nuclear Power Plant Landshut Isar I + Isar II;
* Krmmel Nuclear Power Plant
* Neckarwestheim Nuclear Power Plant
* Philippsburg Nuclear Power Plant
* Unterweser Nuclear Power Plant

USA
* Beaver Valley Nuclear Generating Station
* Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Generating Station
* Connecticut Yankee Nuclear Power Plant
* Ginna Nuclear Generating Station
* Indian Point Energy Center
* Hope Creek Nuclear Generating Station
* James A. FitzPatrick Nuclear Power Plant
* Millstone Nuclear Power Plant
* Oyster Creek Nuclear Generating Station
* Shippingport Atomic Power Station
* Three Mile Island Nuclear Generating
* Catawba Nuclear Station
* H. B. Robinson Nuclear Generating Station
* North Anna Nuclear Generating Station
* Surry Nuclear Power Plant
* Byron Nuclear Generating Station
* Point Beach Nuclear Plant

Russia
* Balakovo
* Beloyarsk (BN-600)
* Bilibino
* Kalinin
* Kola
* Kursk
* Novovoronezh
* Smolensk
* Leningrad (Sosnovy Bor)
* Volgodonsk (Rostov)

Canada
* Pickering- A,B
* Darlington
* Bruce -A,B
* Nuclear Power Demonstration
* Douglas Point Nuclear Generating Station
* Gentilly Nuclear Generating Station
* Point Lepreau Nuclear Generating Station

China
* Daya Bay (Guangdong )
* Hongyanhe
* Ling'ao (Lingao)
* Ningde
* Qinshan (formerly Qinshan)
* Tianwan (Lianyungang)



Distribution in India


Non-metals :


Name ofNon-metalStateLocation

MicaAndhra Pradesh -Nellore mica belt, Dudur, Khamma, Krishna, West Godavari, Vishakhapatnam

Rajasthan-Jaipur, Udaipur, Ajmer, Bhilwara, Dungarpur, Sikar and Tonk

Jharkhand-Hazaribagh plateau , Dhanbad, Palamau, Ranchi

Tamil Nadu-Coimbatore, Triuchirapalli, Madurai, Kanyakumari

West Bengal- Purulia, Bankura

LimestoneMadhya Pradesh- Balaghat and Chhindwara

Meghalaya-Khasi and Jainti hills

Karnataka-Bijapur, Belgaum, Shimoga

Andhra Pradesh-Vishakhapattnam, Guntur, Krishna, Karimnagar, Adilabad

Orissa-Sundargarh

Bihar-Shahabad

DiamondMadhya Pradesh-Panna, Bundekhand

Andhra Pradesh -Kurnool, Anantapur

Karnataka-Raichur

Cutting and polishing -in Surat, Ahmedabad, Navasari, Palanpur, Bhavnagar, Mumbia, Khambat, Jaipur, Trichur, Goa



Distribution of Energy resources :
Conventional resources:



StateLocation

Jharkhand-Dhanbad, Dumka, Hazaribagh, Palamu, Auranga, Bokaro, Daltenganj, Giridih, Hutar, Jharia, Karanpur and Ramgarh

Odisha-Dhenkanal, Sambalpur, Sundargarh

Chhattisgarh-Bilaspur, Raigarh, Surguja

West Bengal-Raniganj, Bankura, Bardhman, Birbhum, Darjeeling, Jalpaiguri, Puruliya

Madhya Pradesh-Rewa, Betul, Chhindwara, Narsinghpur, Sidhi, Shahdol, Singrauli, Muhpani, Satpura, Sohagpur, Pench-Kanhan

Andhra Pradesh-Godavari valley, Adilabad, Khammam, Nellore, Warangal, Singareni, Kottagudam

Other states -Maharashtra, Uttar Pradesh, Meghalaya, Assam, Bihar, Arunachal Pradesh, Nagaland



* Petroleum and Natural Gas :
Basins form where petroleum and natural gas recovered:
1. The Upper Assam Basin
2. The Western Bengal Basin
3. The Western Himalayan Basin
4. The Rajasthan Saurastra-Kachchh Basin
5. The Northern Gujarat Basin
6. The Coastal Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh and Kerala Basin
7. The Ganga Valley Basin
8. The Andaman and Nicobar Coastal Basin
9. Offshore of Khambat, Bombay High and Bassein


Crude oil producing regions :


RegionsOilfields

Western Coast Offshore Oilfields- Bombay High Oilfields-Bassein Oilfields-Aliabet Oilfields

The Gujarat Coast-Ankheshwar-Cambay-Luni-The Ahmadabad-Kalol

The Brahmaputra Valley-Digboi Oilfield-The Naharkatiya oilfield

The Eastern Coast oilfields-marine delta regions in Mahanadi, Godavari, Krishna, Kaveri rivers

Other regions- Uttar Pradesh: Bilaspur in Rampur-Punjab : Jawalamukhi -Rajasthan : Barmer


Distribution of natural gas:

* Bombay High

* Bassein oilfields

* Gujarat : Ankleshwar and Gulf of Khambat

* Andhra Pradesh

* Assam

* Tamil Nadu: Thanjavur and Shingleput

* Godawari and Krishna Basin

* Rajasthan: Barmer

* Himachal Pradesh: Kangra

* Punjab : Firozpur


* Hydro-Electricity :


StateHydro-Electricity Power plants

Andhra Pradesh-Machkund, Nagarjun-Sagar, Nizam-Sagar, Sileru, Srisalem

Bihar- Kosi

Gujarat-Akrimota, Sardar-Sarovar, Ukai (tapi), Hathmati (sabarmati), Bhadra (Kathiawad)

Jammu & KashmirDool-hasti, Lower Jhelum, Salal, Baghliar

Jharkhand-Maithon, Panchet, Tilaiya, Mayurakshi

Karnataka-Mahatma-Gandhi (Jog falls), Sivasamudram (Kaveri), Bhadra, Munirabad, Saravati, Tungbhadra, Krishnaraja-Sagar

Kerala-Idikki , Kallada, Kuttiaddy, Pallivasal, Parambikulam, Poringal, Panniar, Sabarigiri, Periyar

Madhya Pradesh-Jawaharsagar and Pratap-Sagar on Chambal, Twa

Maharashtra-Bhola, Bhatnagar-Beed, Girna, Khopali, Koyna, Purna, Paithon, Vaiterna

North-Eastern States-Dikhu, Doyan (both in Nagaland); Gomuti (Tripura); Loktak (Manipur); Kopali (Assam); Khandong and Kyrdemkulai ( Meghalaya); Sirlui and Barabi (Mizoram); Ranganadi (Arunachal Pradesh)

Odisha-Hiradud(Mahanadi), Balimela, Rengali (Brahmani), Indiravati

Punjab and Himachal Pradesh-Bhakra-Nangal on Satluj, Dehar on Beas, Giri-Bata, Harike Binwa, Andhra, Chamera, Pong, Siul, Bassi

Rajasthan-Ranapratap Sagar and Jawahar Sagar on Chambal River

Tamil Nadu-Bhavanisagar, Mettur, Periyar, Aliayar, Kodayar, Moyar, Suruliyar, Papnasam

Uttarakhand-Tehri-dam and Koteshwar-dam on Bhagirathi

Uttar Pradesh-Rihand, Ramganga , Chibro on tons

West Bengal -Panchet




* Nuclear Energy :


StatePower station

Maharashtra-Tarapur, Jaitapur

Rajasthan-Rawatbhata

Tamil Nadu-Kundakulam, Kalpakkam

Uttar Pradesh-Narora

Gujarat-Kakrapara, Maithi-Verdi

Karnataka-Kaiga

West Bengal-Haripur

Madhya Pradesh-Bargi-Chutka

Haryana-Kumharia




Non-Conventional Energy Resources: (in next article)


* Solar Energy:

* Wind Energy:

* Ocean energy:

* Geothermal Energy:

* Bio-Energy:
Nisha Vats

India-Srilanka

India-Srilanka
Friday, January 25, 2013
12:38 PM


India Srilanka relation- Issue on Katchatheevu


Katchatheevu Island- Disputed island between India and Sri Lanka. Now the island is part of the Sri Lanka. Before 19


Timelines

Before 1974The both side had claimed sovereignty over this island. The island was part of the Tamil Nadu

1974 and 1976Under the this treaties , The island is part of the Sri Lank

After 1976India has not asserted its claim while Sri lanka has continuously maintained control of the Island.

2013Tamil Nadus political parties has asked the centre govt. for retake possession of island as part of India territory. Tamil Nadu has invoked claim after the fisherman of TN are harassed by Sri Lankan Fisherman.


Possibility for India to retake possesion of Island

Lets see posibility on two angel:

1. Domestic law point of view

2. Internation angel (Vienna Convention)

Domestic law point of view:

As per Indian constitution, The ceding of Indian Territory requires constitutional amendment by parliament. Thus, Alienation of any part of the territory of Tamil Nadu requires an amendment of the first schedule to constitution. Both sides have entered into treaties but India has not given effect to ceding of Indian territory to Sri Lanka thriugh constitutional amendment. We can ascertain that the cceding of India territory to Sri Lanka should be considered invalid.

The pettion has filed in Supreme court argued same position. Now The supreme court can order the govt. to retake possession Indian territory from Sri Lanka. But the rulling of SC will not have binding effect on Sri Lanka. Because of two reasons:

1. Sri Lanka is Sovereign State, is immune from from the jurisdiction of the Indian Court.

2. Any such order will amount to the judiciary dictating foreign policy and should be avoided.

International Angel:

Suppose, India govt. can draw the Sri Lanka to International court. The argument of India over island would be weak. Because of the following reasons:

1. Both the treaties state that they are subject to ratification. It would not be part of concern for not giving effect of treaties in India through constitutional amendment. It is matter of domestic law. Ratification of treaty by both sides means it is entered into force.

2. Vienna Convention on law of Ratification: State may not invoke domestic law to avoid treaty obligation

3. Qatar Vs Bahraine issue in International Court of Justice on maritime delimination and territory question clarified that non compliance with a ratification requirement in domestic law does not invalidate treaty

4. Cambodia Vs Thialand issue in ICJ on temple preah vihear suggested that India has not asserted its claim while Sri Lanka has continuously maintained control of the island. Such silence of the one the disputed parties in territorial dispute has been construed as a abandonment of its claim in favour of other parties.

India-Sri Lanka Relation on 13th amendment

The 13th constitutional amendment of Sri Lanka was key point India-Sri Lanka relation made in 1987. The Rajiv Gandhi of India and Jayawarden of Sri Lanka has made agreement under the 13th constitutional amendment. The 13th constitutional amendment attempted to resolve the Sri lankas Ethnic Conflict.
The 13th constitutional amendment was directly result of Ind0-Sri Lanka Accord. The Indo-Sri Lanka Accord was international agreement between India and Sri Lanka under the International law. The Treaty Acknowledges that Sri Lanka is a multiethnic and multilingual plural society. Some provisions:

1. Meager of North and East provinces of Sri Lanka

2. Provide of provincial council with legislative power and executive council with executive power

3. Devolve power including on land and police
Under the agreement, The Sri Lanka is devolving power to provinces including north and east provinces dominated by Tamils. The Sri Lanka government is committed to implement provision in letter and spirit.

1998-The provincial council of north-eastern was constituted to give effect of 13th amendment
2000-The provincial council was dissolved
2006-The Supreme court of sri Lanka considered the process of meargin was flawless
2008- the council of east province was reconstituted but not north council. So the north province was deprived of their right of freedom and self-government

The Indian Government has dismayed by report suggesting that the Sri Lanka government is going to dilute provision of 13th amendment. The sri Lanka revealed agenda to restrict autonomous power of North east province by following ways:

1. Repeal constitutional provision granting people freedom to determine Administrative boundaries

2. Amend Constitution-So permit the central government to freely and arbitrarily legislate on provincial matters without the consent of people of particular province

3. Remove altogether provincial power over land and police
Why Do Sri Lanka Tamil and National Tamil Alliance oppose the dilution of 13th constitutional amendment?

1. Provide for mearger-so substantially provide bulwark against the domination of majority over Tamil minority

2. Provide some level of potential of self-government-it means Tamils could potentially have decision making power over Tamil Issues.

3. Guarantees to the minorities in Sri lanka that their Status as regional decision making will not be diluted through demographic manipulation
Why India opposes diluting 13th amendment?

1. Strong cultural, Social and linguistic bound between Sri Lankan Tamils and Tamils of South India. Indias long standing interest and concern for the well being and protection of the right of Sri Lankan Tamils

2. Dilution means Breach Sri Lankas international treaty obligation

3. Increase Tension in Sri Lanka-Hurt progress and development to boundary regions
Indias decisive response now to oppose any dilution of 13th amendment is both morally necessary and politically imperative. Indias principle stand on this issue will reinforce its international reputation as global power and the largest democratic in the world
Dipak Patel

THE CAUVERY WATER DISPUTE

INTRODUCTION-
The Cauvery River is considered to be the lifeline of the peninsular India. Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Kerala and Pondicherry are the four riparian states staking claim on the Cauvery river water and Karnataka and Tamil Nadu are major contending states.
Cauvery river basin is spread over an area of 87,000 km with basin area of 36,240 km2 in Karnataka and 48,730 km2 in Tamil nadu. Harangi, hemavathi, shimsha, arkavathi, lakshmanthirtha and swarnvathi are major tributaries joining the river Cauvery in Karnataka and amaravathi, bhavani, noyyal and kodaganaru are major tributaries of Cauvery in Tamil nadu. The below map shows the basin of Cauvery river in all states.

WHY THESE STATES NEED WATER-
Tamil Nadu:This Southern Indian state brims with green paddies and palm fields in the East, alluvial plains stretch to the Coromondel Coast to the West, and high rocky hills cover the Northern portion of the state.
Karnataka:This state is considered the economic power of southern India. Bangalore, its capital city, is the fastest growing city in India. Growing high tech sectors are centred in Bangalore such as pharmaceutical and chemical industries. Due to the "industry friendly" atmosphere in Karnataka, major international firms are finding it a beneficial location for business. International firms in Karnataka include Hewlett-Packard, IBM, Kentucky Fried Chicken, and Cargill Corporation. This industrialization is not without consequence for Karnataka. These firms and industry sectors require a mass amount of water; water that is scarce in this region. In times of weak monsoons, the fragile water situation in Southern India is exposed.
CLAIMS-
The state of Karnataka contends that it does not receive its due share of water from the river as Tamil Nadu does. Karnataka claims that these agreements were skewed heavily in favor of the Madras Presidency, and has demanded a renegotiated settlement based on "equitable sharing of the waters". Tamil Nadu, on the other hand, pleads that it has already developed almost 3,000,000 acres (12,000 km2) of land and as a result has come to depend very heavily on the existing pattern of usage. Any change in this pattern, it says, will adversely affect the livelihood of millions of farmers in the state. Decades of negotiations between the parties bore no fruit.

PRE INDEPENDENCE HISTORY -
During the colonial period the Mysore and Madras governments entered into the 1892 and 1924 agreements. While the 1892 agreement was a general agreement relating to numbers of interstate rivers, the 1924 agreement related to irrigation development in the Basin of Cauvery River through krishnarajasagar dam. Both agreements were permanent. It also says that when upstream works are planned, the prior consent of state government of lower down area is to be obtained. This was to ensure that nothing shall be done in Mysore which will have the effect on customary supply of waters in lower riparian states.

POST INDEPENDENCE HISTORY-

* The Cauvery River Dispute has been a serious issue since 1974 when a 50 year old agreement between the Madras president and the princely Mysore state collapsed. Karnataka asserts that the 1924 agreement demanded a discontinuation of the water supply to Tamil Nadu after 50 years. The Karnataka maintains that the state suffered due to its discriminated past. Attempts of irrigation development were frustrated by British government in Mysore region who protected the interest of people in madras presidency. Therefore, 1892 and 1924 agreements were imposed on weak Mysore state. Tamil nadu, on other hand, argue that early irrigation has always been in delta region which is primarily due to conductive soil, water and topographic conditions. Also, story of British rulers is of immediate past; its actual history dates back to 2nd century AD.

* STAGE 1: between 1924-1974
There were protests but they were sporadic and unnoticeable.

* When Karnataka began construction of theHarangidam atKushalanagarainKodagu, it was once again met with resistance from Tamil Nadu. Tamil Nadu went to court demanding the constitution of a Tribunal under theInterstate River Water Disputes Act(ISWD- this act provides an important mechanism to resolve interstate water dispute) of 1956. It also demanded the immediate stoppage of construction work at the dam site. In spite of this Karnataka went for completion of the dam without taking into account the impact on the livelihood of other states.

* In April 1991, the Supreme Court of the Government of India reassigned a tribunal to settle the dispute as mandated in the Inter-State River Water Disputes Act. The Tribunal heard arguments from both states, and reached the decision that Karnataka must release 205 TMC of water from the Cauvery reservoirs to Tamil Nadu on a monthly basis .Karnataka declined to accept the ruling of the Tribunal. The Government of Karnataka argued that the Tribunal issued a decision that was not implementable. Due to failed monsoons, many parts of Karnataka were left without adequate water supplies. If the government were to release more than 100 TMC of water to Tamil Nadu, then it would be disadvantaging its own people.


* STAGE 2: BETWEEN 1974-1990
Dispute got intensified and distrust built up due to information and communication gap.

* The rejection of the Tribunal's decision pushed the negotiations on a downward spiralling path that eventually led to aborted talks. As mentioned previously however, water issues seem to only erupt when there is a lack of adequate rain. In 1992, 1993, and 1994, the rain was sufficient to pacify the dispute between Tamil Nadu and Karnataka.

* In 1995, the monsoons failed to fill the Cauvery tributaries possessed by Tamil Nadu. On January 1, 1996, Prime Minister P.V. Narasimha Rao asked Karnataka to release an immediate six tmcft (one thousand million cubic feet) of water to Tamil Nadu to save the standing crops. In addition, the Prime Minister announced the immediate formation of an expert council to "spot assess" the status of the standing crop of both states to include the level of water needed to sustain the crops.


* STAGE 3: 1995-96
Thousands ofTamilfamilies had to flee fromBangalorein fear of being attacked by pro-Kannada activists. The violence and show down, mostly centered in the Tamil populated parts of Bangalore and Mandya, lasted for nearly a month.

NOTE: It should be noted that despite the stalemate in negotiations and the violence that erupts, Karnataka has been releasing water from the Cauvery River to Tamil Nadu in instalments for the last twenty years. The dispute between the two states is over the quantity of water released.

* The tribunal gave its final award share in 2007 as: Kerala 30 TMC, Karnataka 270 TMC, Tamil nadu 419 TMC and Pondicherry 7 TMC.Tamil nadu dissatisfied with the decision approached the Supreme Court by filling special leave petition (SLP).

* On 20 February 2013, based on the directions of the Supreme Court, the Indian Government has notified the final award of the Cauvery Water Disputes Tribunal (CWDT) on sharing the waters of the Cauvery system among the basin States of Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, and Kerala and Union territory of Pondicherry. The verdict is as follows

KarnatakaTamil NaduKeralaPondicherryTotal

Basin Area (in km)34,273(42%)44,016(54%)2,866(3.5%)148(-)81,155

Share for each state as per Cauvery Tribunal final award Dated 19 February 2013270 (37%)419 (58%)30 (4%)7 (1%)726



* In response to the Special Leave Petition (SLP) lodged by Tamil Nadu earlier, the Supreme Court on 10 May 2013 issued an interim direction to the Government of India (GoI) to establish a temporary Supervisory Committee to implement the Cauvery tribunal order till the constitution of Cauvery Management Board as stated in the tribunal order. GoI issued the gazette notification establishing the said Supervisory Committee.
A PRIVATE NOTE CIRCULATED BY RAMASWAMY IYER, 2003-
It must be noted that in Indian or International law, there is no ownership rights over flowing waters. Neither karnataka nor tamil nadu owns the cauvery. They all have use rights. There is no hierarchy of rights; neither the upper riparian nor the lower riparian has primacy. There is an equality of rights but of course not an entitlement to equal rights. How much each state is entitledto is a matter for agreement or adjudication. It is inappropriate to talk of the upper riparian giving waters to the lower riparian, as though it is a gift. At the same time, there is no question of the lower riparian asserting a pre-emptive right to waters to the detriment of the upper riparian. The upper riparian cannot say to the lower riparian: this is difficult year. We do not have enough water for our own needs. We cannot spare any water for you. Even in a difficult year the available water has to be shared. Similarly, the lower riparian cannot say to the upper riparian: we have been receiving certain flow from centuries. They must continue to come to us undiminished. This is our absolute right.
LESSONS LEARNT-

1. A sound research is required for carrying and undertaking forward the dialogue.

2. Degree of success or failure of process depends upon active and sustained states political support.

3. Need for an untiring, and credible facilitator (it could be an institution or individual) who can carry the job for arranging a good platform between both states.
CONCLUSIONS-

1. One need to understand the complicated nature of basin complexity due to over politicization and emotional attachment to the Cauvery water.

2. One needs to acknowledge the fact that Cauvery region is the deficit region.

3. The issue is not the sharing of unutilized surplus water but re-sharing of water shortages.

4. Farmers and politicians in both major contending states should recognize the fact that losing or gaining some quantities in the process of negotiation is much better than keep or bargaining forever or keeping conflict alive.

5. Adaptation is what most needed at the moment adapt to the changing needs and changing socio-economic and ecological conditions.

6. Since the basin is already been in stress, the negotiators should move ahead with long term perspective.
By AGAM JAIN

SOURCES:
1.http://www.pildat.org/publications/publication/WaterR/CaseStudy-InterStateWaterDisputesAmongtheRiparianStates.pdf
2.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Rivers_Inter-link
3.http://www1.american.edu/ted/ice/CAUVERY.HTM