Distribution of non-metallic minerals and energy resources

Distribution of non-metallic minerals and energy resources
Prologue:
Last article is about metallic resources only as time was less for whole topic. Sources dont allow me to gather much information on non-metallic distribution, please update whenever you find relevant information.
Non-Metallic resources minerals

* Mica
Features:

* mainly used in electric industry

* great insulating property

* can withstand high voltage

* low power loss factor

* can be split into very thin sheets which are tough and flexible

Formation/occurence:

* obtained from muscovite, biotic and phlogopite ores.

* occurs inigneous,metamorphicandsedimentaryregimes

* typically mined fromgraniticpegmatites.

Distribution:


CountriesLocation

ChinaLiaoning

RussiaSakha, Buryatia, Petrozavodsk

FinlandNorthern Karelia

UsNew Hamsphire, Connecticut, Maine

CanadaOntario


Other countries : Spain, France, South Korea.


* Limestone:
Features:

* Aggregate of calcium carbonate, carbonate of calcium and magnesium of a mixture of two.

* contain small quantity of silica, alumina, iron-oxides, phosphorus and sulphur.

* used in cement, iron-steel, chemical industries and as building material

* limestone with high silicon content preferred in cement industry

Occurence/Formation:

* Limestone deposits are of sedimentary origin

* exists almost in all geological formation from Pre-Cambrian to recent except Gondwana

* Many limestones are composed from skeletal fragments of marine organisms such ascoral.

CountryLocation

China In all states except Sanghai

USAIndiana: major source of limestone

FinlandKainuu, Southern Ostrobothnia, Central Finland, Tavastia proper, Kymen Laakso, South Savonia, Northern Karelia

Other countries : Sweden, Ireland, Mexico.

* Diamond:
Features:

* known for its brilliance, luster, transparency and hardness.

* highest hardness and thermal conductivity; have high optical dispersion; chemically stable;

* used as cutting and polishing tools; precious stone, used in jewelry


CountryLocations

South AfricaBaken mines (along Orange river), Cullinan mines (gauteng), Finsch mines (Northern Cape), Koffiefontein mines (Free State), Venetia mines (Largest - in Limpopo)

RussiaMir mines (in Eastern Siberia), Udachny mines, Jubilee mines, Aikhal mines, Komsomolskaya mines, Zarnitsa mines ( all in sakha)

AustraliaArgyle mines (East Kimberley), Merlin mines (Northern Territory), Ellendale mines (Western Australia)

CanadaNorthern Territory : Daivik mines, Ekati mines, Jericho mines, Sanp Lake mines, Gahcho Kue minesOntario: Victor mines

BotswanaJwaneng mines (Kweneng), Damtshaa mines, Latehakane mines , Orapa mines, Karowe mines (all in Central Botswan)

AngolaCatoca mines (Lunda Sul), Facuma mines (Lunda Norte), Luarica mines (Luanda)

BrazilAmazons, Mato Groso, Para, Roraima, Maranhao, Bahia, Mina Gerais, Parana

NambiaNamdeb, Afri-Can Marine-along coastline of Atlantic Ocean

GhanaWestern Ghana, Central Ghana, Eastern Ghana , Greater Accra



Distribution of Energy Resources

Conventional Energy Resources:


* Coal
Types :
1. Peat :

* contains highest percentage of moisture

* give more smoke

* has less tahn 40% of carbon

* inferior quality

* represents first stage of coal formation

2. Lignite (brown coal):

* superior to peat coal

* under increasing pressure and heat : Peat -> Lignite

* contains 40-60% of carbon

3. Bituminous (black-coal):

* When coal is buried very deep, moisture gets expelled. Increased temperature = Bituminous coal.

* Dense, compact and black in color

* Traces of original vegetation (from which it has been formed) found in it

* 60-80% of carbon

* most popular in commercial use

* used in making coking coal (mainly used in iron and steel industry), gas coal, steam coal

4. Anthracite (Hard coal) :

* highest quality of coal

* 80-90% carbon

* very little volatile matter and insignificant proportion of moisture

* short blue color

* more expensive

Features:

* Used in generation of thermal energy and smelting of iron ore

* used as raw material in chemical and fertilizer industries

* used as fuel



CountryLocation

South AfricaLimpopo - Northern Transvaal; Mpumalanga- Waterberg coalfield, Highveld coalfield, Witbank coalfield, Ermelo coalfield; Kwazula Natal - Ultrecht coalfield, Klip River coalfield

ChinaHeilongjiang, Jilin, Inner Mongolia, Liaoning, Shanxi, Shandong, Henan, Hebei, Jiangsu, Anhui, Jiangxi

USPennsyluania, West Virginia, Kentucky, Colorado, Wyoming, Raton Basin, Harrisburg coal field, Southern Illinocs coal field, Appalachian Mountain, Montana

GermanyBergwerk Ibbenburen, in Ibbenburen; Zeche Auguste Viktoria, in Marl; Bergwerk Prosper-Haniel, Bottrop: Bergwerk West , Kamp Lintfort; Bergwerk Saar, Saarlouis

AustraliaBowen Basin in Queensland , Hunter region in New South Wales, Latrobe valley in Victoria

RussiaFar eastern - Chukotka, Magadan, Sakha, Amur; Siberian - Zakaykalsky Krai, Tuva, Altai, Kemerovo; Northwestern - Nenetsia; Central - Tver, Kostroma

CanadaBritish Columbia, Aberta, Saskatchewan, New Brunswick, Prince Edward, Nova Scotia

Other countries : Venezuela, Brazil, Mongolia, UK, France, Zimbawe


* Petroleum:
Features:

* Fuel resource; provide lubricants and raw material for chemical industries

* Its products: kerosene, diesel, petrol, aviation fuel, synthetic rubber, synthetic fiber, thermoplastic resins, benzene-methansol, polystertene, acrylates, detergents, aromatics, gasoline, carbon black, dyes, colors, food-colors, pigments, explosives, printing ink, film photography, greases, cosmetics, paints, lubricant oils, parafiin and wax.

Occurence/Formation:

* consists of hydrocarbons of liquid and gaseous states

* mainly obtained from sedimentary rocks of marine origin

* Living organisms and vegetal matter got buried under sediments of mud, silt and sand, etc -- due to pressure and heat - undergoes chemical changes -- form crude oil and natural gas.



CountryLocation

Saudi ArabiaNorthern Borders, Eastern province, Persian Gulf

IraqDahuk, As Sulaymaniyah, Al Bas Rah

IranAzarba Yjan-E Khavari, Kermanshah, Llam, Khuzestan, Bushehr

RussiaNorthwestern, Urals, Southern

NorwayNorweigien Sea, North Sea

CanadaAlberta, Saskatchewan, offshore areas of Newfoundland

VenezuelaFalcon, Zulia, Sucre, Gaurico, Trujillo, Barinas, Anzoategui

Other countries : UAE, US, Russia, Algeria, Libya, China, Mexico, Kuwait


* Natural Gas:

Features:

* used for heating ,cooking, energy generation

* used as fuel for vehicles

* also used as chemical feedstock in the manufacture of plastics and other commercially important organic chemicals.

Foramtion/Occurence:

* naturally occurringhydrocarbongasmixture

* consisting primarily ofmethane, but commonly includes varying amounts of other higheralkanesand even a lesser percentage ofcarbon dioxide,nitrogen, andhydrogen sulfide.

* found in deep underground rock formations or associated with other hydrocarbon reservoirs incoal bedsand asmethane clathrates


CountryLocation

IranKermanshah, Lorestan, Golestan, Razavi Khorasan, Bashehr, Hormozgan, Fars, Esfahan

RussiaSouthern, Northwestern, Urals

Saudi ArabiaNorthern Borders, Eastern province, Persian Gulf

QatarJamayliyah

NorwayNorweigien Sea, North Sea

IndonesiaAceh, Riau, Kalimantan Barat

Other countries : Algeria, Canada, US, Venezuela, China, Mexico, Colombia, Nigeria, Australia, Libya


* Hydro-Electricity:
-generated from water: production of electrical power through the use of the gravitational force of falling or flowing water

Generating methods :
1. Conventional (dams):
-Most hydroelectric power comes from thepotential energyofdammedwater driving awater turbineandgenerator.
-The power extracted from the water depends on the volume and on the difference in height between the source and the water's outflow.
-This height difference is called thehead.
-The amount ofpotential energyin water is proportional to the head.

2. Pumped-storage:
-produces electricity to supply high peak demands by moving water betweenreservoirsat different elevations. At times of low electrical demand ->excess generation capacityis used to pump water into the higher reservoir.
- When there is higher demand, water is released back into the lower reservoir through a turbine.

3. Run-of-the-river

4. Tide
5. Underground
-Anunderground power stationmakes use of a large natural height difference between two waterways, such as a waterfall or mountain lake.
-An underground tunnel is constructed to take water from the high reservoir to the generating hall built in an underground cavern near the lowest point of the water tunnel and a horizontal tailrace taking water away to the lower outlet waterway.

List of some dams (list is not exhausted):


CountriesNameRiver

ChinaThree Gorges Dam Longtan DamLaxiwa DamXiaowan DamErtan DamPubugou DamGoupitan DamGezhouba DamJinanqiao DamLiyuan DamGuandi DamLijiaxia DamYangtzeHongshuiYellowMekongYalongDaduWuYangtzeJinshaJinshaYalongYellow

CanadaRobert-BourassaChurchill FallsW. A. C. Bennett DamLa Grande-4Manic-5 and Manic-5-PARevelstoke DamLa Grande-3La Grande-2-ALa GrandeChurchillPeace RiverLa GrandeManicouaganColumbiaLa GrandeLa Grande

BrazilItaipu DamTucuruIlha Solteira DamXing DamPaulo Afonso IVItumbiaraParanaTocantinsParanaSao FranciscoSao FranciscoParanaba

USAGrand CouleeChief Joseph DamNiagara Falls (US)John Day DamHoover DamColumbiaColumbiaNiagaraColumbiaN. Platte

RussiaSayanoShushenskayaKrasnoyarskBratsaUst IlimskayaVolzhskaya (Volgogradskaya)Zhiguliovskaya (Samarskaya)Bureya DamYeniseiYeniseiAngaraAngaraVolgaVolgaBureya




* Nuclear Energy:
-important minerals used are : Uranium and Thorium
-exothermic nuclear processes

Some nuclear energy plants in world : (only main producers)


CountryName (not exhausted)

France
* Belleville Nuclear Power Plant -
* Blayais Nuclear Power Plant
* Bugey Nuclear Power Plant
* Cattenom Nuclear Power Plant
* Chinon Nuclear Power Plant
* Chooz Nuclear Power Plant
* Civaux Nuclear Power Plant
* Cruas Nuclear Power Plant
* Dampierre Nuclear Power Plant
* Fessenheim Nuclear Power Plant
* Flamanville Nuclear Power Plant
* Golfech Nuclear Power Plant
* Gravelines Nuclear Power Plant
* Nogent Nuclear Power Plant
* Paluel Nuclear Power Plant
* Penly Nuclear Power Plant
* Phnix Nuclear Power Plant
* Saint-Alban Nuclear Power Plant
* Saint-Laurent Nuclear Power Plant
* Tricastin Nuclear Power Center

Japan
* Fukushima I
* Fukushima II
* Genkai
* Hamaoka
* Higashidori
* Ikata
* Kashiwazaki-Kariwa
* Mihama
* Monju
* Oi
* Onagawa
* Sendai
* Shika
* Shimane
* Takahama
* Tokai
* Tomari
* Tsuruga

Germany
* Biblis Nuclear Power Plant
* Brokdorf Nuclear Power Plant
* Brunsbttel Nuclear Power Plant
* Emsland Nuclear Power Plant
* Grafenrheinfeld Nuclear Power Plant
* Gundremmingen Nuclear Power Plant
* Nuclear Power Plant Landshut Isar I + Isar II;
* Krmmel Nuclear Power Plant
* Neckarwestheim Nuclear Power Plant
* Philippsburg Nuclear Power Plant
* Unterweser Nuclear Power Plant

USA
* Beaver Valley Nuclear Generating Station
* Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Generating Station
* Connecticut Yankee Nuclear Power Plant
* Ginna Nuclear Generating Station
* Indian Point Energy Center
* Hope Creek Nuclear Generating Station
* James A. FitzPatrick Nuclear Power Plant
* Millstone Nuclear Power Plant
* Oyster Creek Nuclear Generating Station
* Shippingport Atomic Power Station
* Three Mile Island Nuclear Generating
* Catawba Nuclear Station
* H. B. Robinson Nuclear Generating Station
* North Anna Nuclear Generating Station
* Surry Nuclear Power Plant
* Byron Nuclear Generating Station
* Point Beach Nuclear Plant

Russia
* Balakovo
* Beloyarsk (BN-600)
* Bilibino
* Kalinin
* Kola
* Kursk
* Novovoronezh
* Smolensk
* Leningrad (Sosnovy Bor)
* Volgodonsk (Rostov)

Canada
* Pickering- A,B
* Darlington
* Bruce -A,B
* Nuclear Power Demonstration
* Douglas Point Nuclear Generating Station
* Gentilly Nuclear Generating Station
* Point Lepreau Nuclear Generating Station

China
* Daya Bay (Guangdong )
* Hongyanhe
* Ling'ao (Lingao)
* Ningde
* Qinshan (formerly Qinshan)
* Tianwan (Lianyungang)



Distribution in India


Non-metals :


Name ofNon-metalStateLocation

MicaAndhra Pradesh -Nellore mica belt, Dudur, Khamma, Krishna, West Godavari, Vishakhapatnam

Rajasthan-Jaipur, Udaipur, Ajmer, Bhilwara, Dungarpur, Sikar and Tonk

Jharkhand-Hazaribagh plateau , Dhanbad, Palamau, Ranchi

Tamil Nadu-Coimbatore, Triuchirapalli, Madurai, Kanyakumari

West Bengal- Purulia, Bankura

LimestoneMadhya Pradesh- Balaghat and Chhindwara

Meghalaya-Khasi and Jainti hills

Karnataka-Bijapur, Belgaum, Shimoga

Andhra Pradesh-Vishakhapattnam, Guntur, Krishna, Karimnagar, Adilabad

Orissa-Sundargarh

Bihar-Shahabad

DiamondMadhya Pradesh-Panna, Bundekhand

Andhra Pradesh -Kurnool, Anantapur

Karnataka-Raichur

Cutting and polishing -in Surat, Ahmedabad, Navasari, Palanpur, Bhavnagar, Mumbia, Khambat, Jaipur, Trichur, Goa



Distribution of Energy resources :
Conventional resources:



StateLocation

Jharkhand-Dhanbad, Dumka, Hazaribagh, Palamu, Auranga, Bokaro, Daltenganj, Giridih, Hutar, Jharia, Karanpur and Ramgarh

Odisha-Dhenkanal, Sambalpur, Sundargarh

Chhattisgarh-Bilaspur, Raigarh, Surguja

West Bengal-Raniganj, Bankura, Bardhman, Birbhum, Darjeeling, Jalpaiguri, Puruliya

Madhya Pradesh-Rewa, Betul, Chhindwara, Narsinghpur, Sidhi, Shahdol, Singrauli, Muhpani, Satpura, Sohagpur, Pench-Kanhan

Andhra Pradesh-Godavari valley, Adilabad, Khammam, Nellore, Warangal, Singareni, Kottagudam

Other states -Maharashtra, Uttar Pradesh, Meghalaya, Assam, Bihar, Arunachal Pradesh, Nagaland



* Petroleum and Natural Gas :
Basins form where petroleum and natural gas recovered:
1. The Upper Assam Basin
2. The Western Bengal Basin
3. The Western Himalayan Basin
4. The Rajasthan Saurastra-Kachchh Basin
5. The Northern Gujarat Basin
6. The Coastal Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh and Kerala Basin
7. The Ganga Valley Basin
8. The Andaman and Nicobar Coastal Basin
9. Offshore of Khambat, Bombay High and Bassein


Crude oil producing regions :


RegionsOilfields

Western Coast Offshore Oilfields- Bombay High Oilfields-Bassein Oilfields-Aliabet Oilfields

The Gujarat Coast-Ankheshwar-Cambay-Luni-The Ahmadabad-Kalol

The Brahmaputra Valley-Digboi Oilfield-The Naharkatiya oilfield

The Eastern Coast oilfields-marine delta regions in Mahanadi, Godavari, Krishna, Kaveri rivers

Other regions- Uttar Pradesh: Bilaspur in Rampur-Punjab : Jawalamukhi -Rajasthan : Barmer


Distribution of natural gas:

* Bombay High

* Bassein oilfields

* Gujarat : Ankleshwar and Gulf of Khambat

* Andhra Pradesh

* Assam

* Tamil Nadu: Thanjavur and Shingleput

* Godawari and Krishna Basin

* Rajasthan: Barmer

* Himachal Pradesh: Kangra

* Punjab : Firozpur


* Hydro-Electricity :


StateHydro-Electricity Power plants

Andhra Pradesh-Machkund, Nagarjun-Sagar, Nizam-Sagar, Sileru, Srisalem

Bihar- Kosi

Gujarat-Akrimota, Sardar-Sarovar, Ukai (tapi), Hathmati (sabarmati), Bhadra (Kathiawad)

Jammu & KashmirDool-hasti, Lower Jhelum, Salal, Baghliar

Jharkhand-Maithon, Panchet, Tilaiya, Mayurakshi

Karnataka-Mahatma-Gandhi (Jog falls), Sivasamudram (Kaveri), Bhadra, Munirabad, Saravati, Tungbhadra, Krishnaraja-Sagar

Kerala-Idikki , Kallada, Kuttiaddy, Pallivasal, Parambikulam, Poringal, Panniar, Sabarigiri, Periyar

Madhya Pradesh-Jawaharsagar and Pratap-Sagar on Chambal, Twa

Maharashtra-Bhola, Bhatnagar-Beed, Girna, Khopali, Koyna, Purna, Paithon, Vaiterna

North-Eastern States-Dikhu, Doyan (both in Nagaland); Gomuti (Tripura); Loktak (Manipur); Kopali (Assam); Khandong and Kyrdemkulai ( Meghalaya); Sirlui and Barabi (Mizoram); Ranganadi (Arunachal Pradesh)

Odisha-Hiradud(Mahanadi), Balimela, Rengali (Brahmani), Indiravati

Punjab and Himachal Pradesh-Bhakra-Nangal on Satluj, Dehar on Beas, Giri-Bata, Harike Binwa, Andhra, Chamera, Pong, Siul, Bassi

Rajasthan-Ranapratap Sagar and Jawahar Sagar on Chambal River

Tamil Nadu-Bhavanisagar, Mettur, Periyar, Aliayar, Kodayar, Moyar, Suruliyar, Papnasam

Uttarakhand-Tehri-dam and Koteshwar-dam on Bhagirathi

Uttar Pradesh-Rihand, Ramganga , Chibro on tons

West Bengal -Panchet




* Nuclear Energy :


StatePower station

Maharashtra-Tarapur, Jaitapur

Rajasthan-Rawatbhata

Tamil Nadu-Kundakulam, Kalpakkam

Uttar Pradesh-Narora

Gujarat-Kakrapara, Maithi-Verdi

Karnataka-Kaiga

West Bengal-Haripur

Madhya Pradesh-Bargi-Chutka

Haryana-Kumharia




Non-Conventional Energy Resources: (in next article)


* Solar Energy:

* Wind Energy:

* Ocean energy:

* Geothermal Energy:

* Bio-Energy:
Nisha Vats