Economics of animal-rearing

* Livestock contributes 25 per cent of gross value added in the agriculture sector.

* provides self-employment to about 21 million people. Rapid growth of this sector can be even more egalitarian and inclusive than growth of the crop sector because those engaged in it are mainly small holders and the landless.

* Growth of livestock output averaged 4.8 per cent per annum during the Eleventh Plan.
The animal production system in India is predominantly part of a mixed crop-livestock farming system vital for the security and survival of large numbers of poor people. In such systems, livestock generate income, provide employment, draught power and manure. This production system assumes special significance in the present context of sustained economic growth, rising income, increasing urbanization, changes in taste and preference that have lead to dietary changes reflecting the importance of milk, meat, egg and fish.
Dairy and Livestock Production
Milk
India continues to be the largest producer of milk in the world.
Plan Schemes
Dairying is an important source of income for millions of rural families and has assumed as an important role in providing employment and income generating opportunities. The Government of India and state governments are making strong efforts to increase the productivity of milch animals and increase the per capita availability of milk. The Department of Animal Husbandry, Dairying and Fisheries has attempted the building up cooperative infrastructure, revitalization of sick dairy cooperative federations and extended support for creation of infrastructure for production of quality milk and milk products. Two important schemes being implemented are the Intensive Dairy Development Programme for increasing milk production and procurement and the National Project for Cattle and Buffalo Breeding for genetic upgradation of bovines. This section highlights the efforts made by the GOI through its schemes formulated to increase the production and productivity of milk, poultry, meat and fish.
Strengthening Infrastructure for Quality & Clean Milk Production
The scheme, introduced during October, 2003 has its objective the improvement of the quality of raw milk produce at the village level by creating awareness among farmers and members. Under the scheme, there is a provision for training of farmers on good milking practices and the setting up of Bulk Milk Cooler (BMC) at Dairy Cooperative Society level.
Assistance to Cooperatives
The central sector scheme started in 1999-2000, aims at revitalizing the sick dairy cooperative unions at the district level and cooperative federations at the State level. The rehabilitation plan is prepared by the National Dairy Development Board (NDDB) in consultation with the concerned State Dairy Federation and District Milk Union.
Dairy Venture Capital Fund (DVCF)/Dairy Entrepreneurship Development Scheme (DEDS)
The Dairy/Poultry Venture Capital Fund scheme was started in December, 2004. It has been modified and renamed as the Dairy Entrepreneurship Development Scheme (DEDS) and is being implemented from September, 2010.
Cattle and Buffalo Breeding: Livestock Production
India has the worlds largest livestock population, accounting for about half the population of buffaloes and 1/6th of the goat population. Such a large population presents a challenge wherein existing productivity levels are sustained by application of modern science and technology, incentives and policies.
At present 28 States and one Union Territory (UT) are participating in National Project for Cattle and Buffalo Breeding. The objective of this scheme is to promote genetic upgradation of bovines. Artificial Insemination (AI) centres have beenassisted and equipped to function as mobile AI centres and 21,000 private AI centres have been established for delivery of breeding services. In order to improve the quality of semen production a Minimum Standard Protocol (MSP) for semen production has been enforced at all semen stations; 49 frozen semen bull station have been strengthened as per this MSP. A central Monitoring Unit (CMU) has been constituted for evaluation of one semen stations in two years. Thirty four semen stations in the country have acquired ISO certification against 3 during 2004. MSP for progeny testing and standard operating procedures for AI technicians has also been formulated.
Challenges
The challenges facing the dairy sector are given below:

* Small herd size and poor productivity

* Inadequate budgetary allocation over the years
Animal Husbandry, Dairying & Fisheries

* Lack of equity with crop production

* Inadequate availability of credit

* Poor access to organized markets deprive farmers of proper milk price

* Poor AI service net-work

* Shortage of manpower and funds

* Limited availability of quality breeding bulls

* Low acceptability of AI in buffaloes

* Disease outbreaks: mortality & morbidity

* Deficiency of vaccines and vaccination set-up

* Induction of crossbred animals in areas poor in feed resources

* Majority of grazing lands are either degraded or encroached

* Diversion of feed & fodder ingredients for industrial use
The Way Forward
Continuous support to the States is essential for further genetic upgradation programmes to meet the fast increasing demand for milk in the country. There is further need to consolidate and improve the breeding infrastructure created under NPCBB, scientific programmes like Embryo Transfer Technology (ETT), Multi Ovulation Embryo Transfer Technology (MOET), Markers Assisted Selection (MAS) and development of semen sexing technology and use of sexed semen for faster propagation of elite germplasm and for increasing bovine productivity. The following policy initiatives are required to attract investment and for further development of dairy and livestock sector:

* Incentivize investment in this sector

* Increase public investment.
Meat and Poultry Sector
In terms of population, India ranks second in the world in goats and third in sheep. Unlike the dairy sub-sector, growth in poultry production is mainly attributed to the efforts of the organized private sector, which controls over 80% of the total production in the country.
In poultry development, the following three components are funded by the Department:
(i) Assistance to State Poultry Farms
One time assistance is provided to strengthen farms in terms of hatchery, brooding and rearing houses, laying houses for birds with provision for feed mill and their quality monitoring and in-house disease diagnostic facilities and feed analysis laboratory.
(ii) Rural Backyard Poultry Development
This component envisages supply of backyard poultry to beneficiaries from Below Poverty Line (BPL) families to enable them to gain supplementary income and nutritional support.
(iii) Poultry Estates
Entrepreneurship skills are to be improved through an exploratory pilot project, Poultry Estates in two States. It is meant primarily for educated, unemployed youth and small farmers with some margin money, for making a profitable venture out of various poultry related activities in a scientific and bio-secure cluster approach.
Poultry Venture Capital Fund
The scheme provides finance through NABARD for components like establishment of poultry breeding farm with low input technology birds, establishment of feed go-down, feed mill, feed analytical laboratory, marketing of poultry products, egg grading, packing and storage for export capacity, retail poultry dressing unit, egg and broiler carts for sale of poultry products and central grower unit, etc.
Central Poultry Development Organizations & Central Poultry Performance Testing Centre
The four centres of the Central Poultry Development Organizations are located at Chandigarh (Northern Region), Bhubaneswar (Eastern Region), Mumbai (Western Region) and Bangalore (Southern Region) while one Central Poultry Performance Testing Centre is at Gurgaon, Haryana. These centres are promoting the development of poultry through the following measures:

* Availability of quality chicks of identified low-input technology poultry stocks is ensured.

* Diversification into rearing of Duck and Turkey (Southern Region), Japanese Quail (Northern and Western region) and Guinea fowl (Eastern region).

* Training of trainers, farmers, women beneficiaries, various public and private sector poultry organizations, NGOs, Banks, Cooperatives and foreign trainees etc.

* Regular testing of various stocks available in the country to assess their performance.
Challenges
The challenges facing the meat and poultry sector include:

* Maize availability and cost: maize is the single most important ingredient of poultry feed, its availability at a reasonable cost is the major problem of poultry sector.

* Diseases: Pathogenic and emerging diseases namely AI often cause heavy losses both in domestic market and international trade.

* Lack of Marketing Intelligence: There is a dire need for realistic national marketing intelligence to bridge the gap between supply and demand of poultry & poultry products.

* Human Resource Development: To meet the growing demand of sustainable and safe production there is a huge demand for trained and skilled manpower in poultry sector.

* Large size of target population to be improved in terms of productivity with application of science and technology pose a formidable challenge.

* Low level of processing and value addition in animal products.
The Way Forward
The following measure are suggested to strengthen the meat and poultry sector for accelerated and sustainable growth:

* Long-term sustainable production measures have to be looked into to increase the production & quality of maize.

* Active surveillance, monitoring and control in case of any outbreaks in rapid manner.

* Network for a realistic national and global poultry database and marketing intelligence may be developed.

* Sufficient trained manpower should be developed in the existing institutions.

* With growing urbanization and increasing quality consciousness, the market for scientifically produced meat products is expected to grow rapidly. The market is growing for ready-to-eat and semi-processed meat products because of a changing socio-economic scenario and an increase in exports to neighboring countries, especially the Middle East.

* The mechanized slaughter houses produce huge quantities of offal and digesta from the slaughtered animals which could be profitably utilized for production of value added products, like Meat-cum-Bone Meal (MBM), Tallow, Bone Chips, Pet Foods and methane as a source of energy for value addition in most of the modern plants.

* There is a need to support pig rearing in order to improve sow productivity, growth rate of piglets and feed conversion efficiency.

* It is important to encourage proper utilization of by-products of livestock slaughter for higher income of livestock owners. The environmental pollution and spread of livestock diseases has to be prevented.
Nutrition: Fodder and Feed
With only 2.29% of the land area of the world, India is maintaining about 10.71% of the worlds livestock. The nutritive value of feed and fodder has a significant bearing on productivity of livestock. The gap between the demand and supply of fodder is fast increasing. In order to bridge this gap, and ensure production of quality fodder, the DADF is implementing a Central Fodder Development Organization (CFDO) Scheme. This has 7 Regional Stations for Forage Production and Demonstration (RSFP&D), one Central Fodder Seed Production Farm (CFSPF) at Hessarghatta (Karnataka) and Central Minikit Testing Programme (CMTP) for fodder crops. A modified Centrally Sponsored Fodder & Feed Development Scheme is being implemented from April, 2010 for assisting the states in their efforts to augment the quantity and quality of feed and fodder.
Challenges
The main challenges in providing adequate and quality fodder and feed include:

* While numbers of livestock are growing, but the grazing lands are gradually diminishing. The area under fodder cultivation is also limited.

* A majority of the grazing lands have either been degraded or encroached upon restricting their availability for livestock grazing.

* Due to increasing pressure on land for growing food grains, oil seeds, and pulses, adequate attention has not been given to the production of fodder crops.

* Diversified use of agriculture residues like paper industry, packaging, etc. widening the gap between the supply and demand for fodder.

* There is lack of authentic data on availability of fodder, crop residues, agro industrial by- products and feed grains (coarse cereal grains). This is required to build an actual database, on feed and fodder, to be used for more effective and realistic planning of livestock sector development.

* Current production of improved fodder seed in the country is about 40,000 metric tonnes as against the requirement of 5.4 lakh metric tonnes to be cultivated on 10.8 million ha area.

* A substantial amount of crop residues is burnt by the farmers after harvesting of main crop like wheat and paddy.

* In most of the states there are inadequate staffs to address the problems related to fodder.
The Way Forward
The measures which can contribute to improved fodder and feed situation include the following:

* A reliable data-base is required for assisting in realistic planning.

* Supply of quality fodder and feed should be encouraged on a priority basis.

* The forest department can play a major role in augmenting fodder production in the country. The degraded forest areas, mostly under the Joint Forest Management Committees (JFMCs), can be used for assisting growth of indigenous fodder varieties of grasses, legumes, and trees under area-specific Silvi-pastoral systems.

* There is a need for undertaking an effective Extension campaign in major states for efficient utilization of crop residues, growing fodder crops, Azolla production, etc.

* Production of seeds of high yielding fodder varieties needs to be increased in the organized/cooperative sector.

* High yielding fodder varieties need to be introduced throughout the country, instead of dual purpose varieties.

* Production of condensed fodder blocks needs to be encouraged by creating an assured market, coupled with providing a transport subsidy for supply to distant areas.
Livestock Health
Infectious Diseases
High prevalence of various animal diseases like Foot & Mouth Disease (FMD), Peste des Petits Ruminants (PPR), Brucellosis, Classical Swine Fever and Avian Influenza is a serious impediment to growth in the livestock sector. Most of these losses can be prevented through timely immunization. The Department of Animal Husbandry, Dairying & Fisheries (DADF) has initiated National Programmes for prevention and control of FMD, PPR and Brucellosis.
Similar programmes have been initiated to control PPR and Brucellosis. Shortages of vaccines and lack of proper cold chain facility are among the major hindrances to a faster implementation of these programmes.
Veterinary Support Services
Most of the veterinary hospitals and polyclinics and veterinary dispensaries have poor infrastructure and equipment. Further, the technical manpower is too inadequate to support health programmes for the massive livestock population. The DADF has now initiated a programme for the Establishment and Strengthening of existing Veterinary Hospitals and Dispensaries (ESVHD). There is a dire need to strengthen veterinary hospital facilities for timely diagnosis and treatment of animal diseases. Emphasis also needs to be given to strengthen art mobile veterinary services to ensure door-step veterinary support.
Disease Reporting
The present system of disease reporting is slow. A computerized National Animal Disease Reporting System (NADRS) linking Taluka, Block, District and State Headquarters to a Central Disease Reporting and Monitoring Unit at the DADF in New Delhi has been initiated in 2010-11. A faster and reliable disease reporting and processing of data will help in the development of appropriate policies and intervention for disease prevention and containment.
Challenges
The main challenges confronting the animal health sector include:

* Veterinary hospitals, dispensaries and technical manpower are inadequate.

* The disease reporting is neither timely nor complete which delays proper interventions.

* Inadequate availability of vaccines and lack of cold storage.
The Way Forward
The following measures will strengthen the animal health sector:

* Adequate veterinary disease diagnosis, epidemiology, hospital infrastructure and manpower need to be developed.

* A strong programme for supply of sufficient veterinary vaccines is necessary.
Fisheries Sector

* India is the second largest producer of fish in the world.

* The policy for fishery development emphasizes inland fisheries, particularly aquaculture in recent years, which has been instrumental in increasing production, enhancing exports and reducing the poverty of fishermen.
Allocations made for the development of fisheries sector through the Centrally Sponsored Schemes and Central Sector Schemes are utilized for implementation of both development and welfare oriented schemes through the respective states and UTs. In addition to the allocations made through CSS and CS, assistance is provided through other flagship programmes like Rashtriya Krishi Vikas Yojana (RKVY) and the recently launched National Mission for Protein Supplements (NMPS)
Challenges
The main challenges facing the fisheries sector include:

* Shortage of quality and healthy fish seeds and other critical inputs.

* Lack of resource-specific fishing vessels and reliable resource and updated data.

* Inadequate awareness about nutritional and economic benefits of fish.

* Inadequate extension staff for fisheries and training for fishers and fisheries personnel.

* Absence of standardization and branding of fish products.
The Way Forward
The following measures will help to further strengthen the fisheries sector:

* Schemes of integrated approach for enhancing inland fish production and productivity with forward and backward linkages right from production chain and input requirements like quality fish seeds and fish feeds and creation of required infrastructure for harvesting, hygienic handling, value addition and marketing of fish.

* Existing Fish Farmers Development Authority (FFDAs) would be revamped and cooperative sectors, SHGs and youths would be actively involved in intensive aquaculture activities. L

* arge scale adoption of culture-based capture fisheries and cage culture in reservoirs and larger water bodies are to be taken up.

* Sustainable exploitation of marine fishery resources especially deep sea resources and enhancement of marine fish production through sea farming, mariculture, resource replenishment programme like setting up of artificial reefs.

Swagata Tarafdar

AGRICULTURE AND RURAL DEVELOPMENT(schemes and bills)

AGRICULTURE AND RURAL DEVELOPMENT(schemes and bills)
India is an agrarian economy as 70% of its population depends on it but now its contribution to the GDP decreases (i.e 14% ).during the 1st five year plan India follows industrial growth as a Prime moving force of the economy.but after the 7th plan agrarian sector becomes the prime moving force.
*Even united nations change their mentality that agrarian economy is not a backward economy.


Ministry of rural development- The vision and mission of the Ministry is sustainable and inclusive growth of rural India through a multipronged strategy for eradication of poverty by increasing livelihoods opportunities, providing social safety net and developing infrastructure for growth.
1.Department of Drinking Water & Supply- To provide every rural person with adequate safe water for drinking, cooking and other domestic basic needs on a sustainable basis.
1.National rural drinking water programme (NRDWM)(Rajiv Gandhi drinking water mission)

* By 2017,Ensure that at least 50% of rural households are provided with piped water supply & at least 35% of rural households have piped water supply with a household connection. (12th five year plan).

* by 2022, every rural person in the country will have access to 70 lpcd within their household premises.

2.NIRMAL BHARAT ABHIYAN(NBA)
Motivate communities and Panchayati Raj Institutions to promote sustainable sanitation facilities through awareness creation and health education.
MAJOR COMPONENTS ARE-
Construction of Individual Household Latrines.
Rural Sanitary Marts and Production.
Community Sanitary Complex.
Institutional Toilets- School and Anganwadi toilets.
Solid and Liquid Waste Management.
3.WATER SECURITY PILOT PROJECTS are launched through convergence with MNREGA and other watershed programmes
2.Department of Land Resources-major schemes are-
1.Integrated Watershed Management Programme (IWMP)- is a modified programme of erstwhile Drought Prone Areas Programme (DPAP), Desert Development Programme (DDP) and Integrated Wastelands Development Programme (IWDP) of the Department of Land Resources.
Main motive is to restore the ecological balance by harnessing, conserving and developing degraded natural resources such as soil, vegetative cover and water.
2. National Land Records Modernization Programme (NLRMP)-Implementing two schemes-

* Computerisation of Land Records (CLR).

* Strengthening of Revenue Administration and Updating of Land Records (SRA&ULR).
3. Neeranchal - World Bank assisted Watershed Management Programme

* Neeranchal project has been conceived to strengthen implementation of IWMP giving focus to areas of Planning, Capacity Building, Improved Production Technology, Monitoring & Evaluation.

* Neeranchal will focus on rainfed areas of 8 States (A.P, Chhattisgarh, Gujarat, Jharkhand, M.P., Maharashtra, Odisha and Rajasthan) consists of 68% of (58 m.ha.) countrys net rainfed agriculture area.
4. National Mission on Bio-Diesel - Committee on Development of Bio-fuels set-up by the Planning Commission in July, 2002. The objectives of the programmes is to bring unutilzed wasteland in to productive use by promotion of Jatropha and Pongamia Plantation and reduce countrys dependence on imported petroleum diesel.

3.Department of Rural Development-centre is working with state government to poverty reduction, employment generation, rural infrastructure habitant development, provision of basic minimum services.
Schemes.
1.Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana-launced in December 2000,a fully funded Centrally Sponsored Scheme to provide all weather road connectivity in rural areas of the country.
Under the survey conducted by state government,1.67 lakh Unconnected Habitations are eligible for coverage under the programme.
2.Swarnjayanti Gram Swarozgar Yojana- is to bring the assisted poor families (Swarozgaries) above the Poverty Line with the help of self help groups(SHGs). As per the latest (1999-2000) estimates of the Planning Commission, the poverty line in terms of per capita consumption expenditure per month in the rural areas varies from Rs.262.94 in Andhra Pradesh to Rs.367.45 in Himachal Pradesh
3.Indira Aawas Yojna- primarily to help construction/upgradation of dwelling units of members of below poverty line non-SC/ST or SC/ST rural households by providing them a lump sum financial assistance.
4.Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act-2005- To provide 100 days guaranteed wage employment to a household in the rural areas.
5.National Social Assistance Programme- providing social assistance benefit to the aged, the BPL households in the case of death of the primary breadwinner and for maternity.It comprises the National Old Age Pension Scheme (NOAPS), National Family Benefit Scheme (NFBS) and National Maternity Benefit Scheme (NMBS).
6. Provision of Urban Amenities in Rural Areas(PURA)- development of compact areas around a potential growth centre in a Panchayat through Public Private Partnership (PPP) by providing livelihood opportunities and urban amenities to improve the quality of life in rural areas.
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1.DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE AND COOPERATION-
1.Kisaan SMS Portal- The SMSs will get transmitted only to the farmers within the territorial jurisdiction of an officer, scientist or experts for the crops or agricultural practice that such a farmer might have opted for.
2.Minimum Support Prices- Acting on the recommendations of the Commission for Agricultural Costs and Prices, the Government has fixed Minimum Support Prices (MSPs) for the Agricultural Year (July-June) 2013-14.
3.Draft Guidelines for setting up Automatic Weather Stations- setting up Automatic Weather Stations (AWSs) and Automatic Rain Gauge (ARGs) & their accreditation, standardization, validation and quality management of weather data.
4.Green Revolution in Eastern India -Assam, Bihar, Chhattisgarh and West Bengal have substantially increased their contribution to rice production. Therefore for the further increment of their growth government allocated 1000crore in 2013-14.
5.Thrust to FPOs- Farmer Producer Organizations (FPO), including Farmer Producer Companies (FPC), have emerged as aggregators of farm produce and link farmers directly to markets.
6.Pilot Programme on Nutri-Farms- introducing new crop varieties that are rich in micro-nutrients such as iron-rich bajra, protein-rich maize and zinc-rich wheat, is being launched.
2. Department of Agricultural Research and Education(DARE)-established in 1973

* DARE provides the necessary government linkages for the Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR).

* Apart from ICAR the Department of Agricultural Research and Education has one more autonomous body, viz. the Central Agricultural University, Imphal under its administrative control. The Central University, established in 1993, has its jurisdiction over the Arunachal Pradesh, Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Sikkim and Tripura, and is wholly financed by the Government of India.
3. Department of Animal Husbandry and Dairying &fisheries(DADF)-
ANIMAL HUSBANDRY-

* to increase & upgrade the production & quality of animal breeding and poultry system.

* provide proper health care of livestock through proper diagnosis of diseases, timely vaccination and rational treatment for optimizing livestock production.

* The Centrally Sponsored Scheme on Poultry Development implemented by the Department of Animal Husbandry, Dairying & Fisheries (DADF) has 3 components namely (i) Assistance to State Poultry Farms, (ii) Rural Backyard Poultry Development and (iii) Poultry Estates (new component).
DAIRY DEVELOPMENT-

* To increase the per capita availability of milk, OPERATION FLOOD was started in which 13.9 million farmers have been brought under the ambit of 1,33,349 village level dairy cooperative societies.

* DADF main focus in on non flood area(i.e area not coming under operation flood) to create a corporative infrastructure and revitalization of seek dairy cooperatives.

* Main schemes under Dairy development by DADF are-

* Intensive Dairy Development Programme (IDDP)

* Strengthening infrastructure for quality and clean milk production

* Assistance to Cooperatives

* Dairy Venture Capital Fund.
FISHERIES DEVELOPMENT-under this varies schemes are implemented by the centre for the development of marine fisheries and aquaculture and also the schemes for the welfare of the fishermen.
4. Department of Food Processing Industries-established in 1988

* MEGA FOOD PARKS- providing a mechanism to link agricultural production to the market by bringing together farmers, processors and retailers so as to ensure maximizing value addition, minimizing wastages, increasing farmers income and creating employment opportunities particularly in rural sector.

* COLD CHAINS-to provide pre- cooling facility at production sites ,reefer vans and value added centres so as to reduce wastage and increase quality as well as quantity.

* MODERNIZATION OF ABATTOIRS- Modernization of existing Abattoirs with a view to ensure scientific hygienic slaughtering of the animals and supply of quality meat and meat products.(work under PPP mode)

* Quality and Food Safety- Due to competition in global market ,Total Quality Management (TQM) such as quality control, quality system and quality assurance implementation should be done on large scale.

* National Mission on Food Processing(NMFP)- decentralization of implementation of food processing related schemes for ensuring substantial participation of State/ UT Governments . It comes under the central sponsored schemes(major implementation of 11th plan was embedded in 12th NMFP).

BILLS PASSED IN GOVERNMENT REGARDING AGRICULTURE & RURAL DEVELOPMENT
1.THE NATIONAL FOOD SECURITY BILL 2013
2. The National Rural Employment Guarantee (Amendment) Bill, 2009
3. The Legal Metrology Bil,2008-This Bill standardizes the units for measurement to be used in India. It specifies the SI system (metre, kilogram etc.) to be used. It regulates the manufacture, sale and use of standard weights and measures.
4. The Essential Commodities (Amendment and Validation) Bill, 2009-the price paid by the centre to sugar mills for levy sugar is based on fair and remunerative price. But if state governments fix a state advisory price (SAP) higher than FRP, then they would have to pay the difference to sugarcane farmers.
5. The Prevention and Control of Infectious and Contagious Diseases in Animals Bill, 2005-

* prevent, control and eradicate infectious diseases affecting animals.

* prevent the spread of such disease from one state to another.

* fulfill requirements of the International Animal Health Code.
6.The Sugar Development Fund(Amendment)Bill,2008
7. The Warehousing (Development and Regulation) Bill, 2005

* The Warehousing (Development and Regulation) Bill, 2005 seeks to establish WRs(warehouse receipt)as negotiable instruments, and outlines the necessary terms and provisions.

* Bill establishes a Warehouse Development and Regulatory Authority (WDRA) to regulate the WR system.
8. The National Rural Employment Guarantee (Extension To Jammu and Kashmir) Bill, 2007-This Bill provides for the extension of the National Rural Employment Guarantee Act, 2005, to the state of Jammu and Kashmir.
9. The National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (Amendment) Bill, 2007
10. The Food Safety and Standards Bill, 2005-consolidates eight laws governing the food sector and establishes the Food Safety and Standards Authority (FSSA) to regulate the sector.
11.The Right to Fair Compensation and Transparency in Land Acquisition, Rehabilitation and Resettlement Bill, 2013-introduced in loksabha in 2011.and this bill was lapsed with two bills which were introduced in 2007 i.e The Land Acquisition Bill 2007 & The Land Rehabilitation And Resettlement Bill 2007.
Anam Singla