India China Relations

India China Relations
This article will start with Chronological events in India China relations and further up with various contentious issues between India and China
Overview

* India China relations date back to 2000 years

* Modern relations started with Brussels conference of 1927,here several depressed nations held a conference in which India and china issued joint statement against Western Imperialism

* During Japanese attack on Manchuria in 1931 ,India supported China and held China day demanding a boycott on Japanese goods

* Asian relations conference was held in New Delhi 1947, the Chinese delegates sent by Kumintong National party(KMT) objected to maps not showing Tibet as a part of china

* Civil war broke out in china, The Peoples Republic of China (PRC) gained control and the KMT fled to Taiwan (Formosa)

* The People's Republic of China(PRC )was officially proclaimed in Peking on
October 1,1949

* India was one of the first countries which recognized China in December

* India supported Communist Chinas representation in UN

* Indias support to china led to displeasure of USA

* But India support for UN decision on declaring North Korea as aggressor during the Korean war was appreciated by US but was unpleasant to China

* Indian Ambassador K.M.Pannikar noted that whenever China had a strong government, It gained expansionist attitude and tended to expand beyond its borders which holds true till date
The Tibet Crisis

* Tibet touches the Indian borders in the north. besides India, its southern Borders touch Nepal and Burma and in its north is Sinkiang, a province of China often called the Roof or Terrace of the world

* Political system based on Buddhist faith with Dalai lama as its spiritual head

* Tibet had long years of political independence till the 18th century

* Conflict arose between the moguls and the Tibetans in the appointment of Dalai lama

* China occupied Lhasa the capital of Tibet, Tibet was recognized as a part of china

* The rising influence of Russians led Britain Lord Curzon sent troops to check these interferences this led to treaty being signed between Britain and china, accepting suzerainty of China but the a agent of Britain was appointed in Lhasa

* The Dalai lama escaped to china

* Anglo-Russian differences pertaining to Tibet were sorted out by an Entente Signed in 1907, whereby both Britain and Russia accepted Chinese suzerainty In Tibet.

* Both powers accepted to deal with Tibet through china

* After the Chinese revolution of 1911,led by Dr.SunYat-sen,Tibet forced The Chinese troops to leave the plateau.

* Subsequent attempts by China to reestablish its authority failed

* A meeting held at Shimla in1914 which was Attended by the representatives of Britain,China and Tibet.

* This meeting Confirmed the Chinese suzerainty ,but divided Tibet into two partsOuter Tibet and Inner Tibet .

* The autonomy of Outer Tibet was accepted ,and China Agreed not to interfere in its internal affairs ,nor give it representation in Chinese Parliament ,nor station its troops

* Yet repeated attempts by Chinese government to control Tibet failed

* The PRC government which overthrew the KMT,PRC stated liberating Tibet as its basic tasks

* When Indian ambassador raised the issue with Chou En lai he stated the matter would be resolved by negotiations soon Chinese backtracked invading Tibet in 1950

* India protested but the Chinese called india as being influenced by imperialist powers

* India soon recognized the Chinese suzerainty and left it as a internal Chinese matter

* China refused to accept Tibetan autonomy, an agreement was signed by China and Tibet on May23 ,1951,which recognized full Chinese sovereignty over Tibet with limited Tibetan autonomy in certain matters

* Tibet became a Chinese territory

* India was severely criticized on this issue
The Panch Sheel Agreement

* India after Tibet crisis moved ahead to mend ties with China

* These resulted in the sign ing of an

* Agreement signed between India and China concerning trade and intercourse between the
"Tibet Region of China" and India.

* India surrendered its extra-territorial rights in Tibet ,and accepted China's full sovereignty over Tibet.

* The five principles of Panchsheel were also incorporated in the agreement.

* The five principles are:
1 .Mutual respect for each others territorial integrity and sovereignty;
2 .Mutual non-aggression;
3 .Mutual non-interference in each others internal affairs;
4 .Equality and mutual benefit
5. Peaceful co-existence

* This was followed by mutual visits to respective countries

* The four year ,period after signing the Panch sheel has been described as the years of 'Sino-Indian honeymoon 'and of "Hindi-Chini Bhai-Bhai".

* India even gave support to china as it laid claim on formasa
The Maps

* Indias friendly relations with China soured after

* Maps of China ,published in China Pictorial ,showed certain Indian territories as part of China.

* In those maps,about 36,000 square miles of Indian territory in North-East, and about 12,000 square miles in North west was shown as part of China.

* When India drew the attention of China to these improper maps,Peking told New Delhi that these were reproductions of old(KMT) maps and that China had no time to undertake a survey of China's borders .

* Pending such survey ,Chinese Government would not make changes in the boundary.
Revolt in Tibet

* The Chinese handling of Tibets became another contentious issue between India and China

* A revolt was organised by the Tibetans against Chinese domination and interference in their religious matters.

* The reason the Chinese government gave was the non cooperation of Tibetans on Land reforms organized by the government

* Khampa revolt of 1956 was claimed by authorities as a revolt organized by the upper privileged class against the Chinese

* In 1959 another uprising came up in Lhasa the Chinese blamed the US and Chaing Kai Shek(KMT leader) for organizing such revolt and crushed it ruthlessly

* Tibet lost its autonomy

* Dalai Lama fled to India and was granted political asylum in India under the condition not to promote anti china sentiments has been in India since 1959

* China was unhappy with India giving asylum thought India had supported the Suzerainty of China over Tibet
Border Dispute

* China began intrusions in India's territory, to justify their action, the accused that Indian armed personnel had 'unlawfully intruded 'into 'Chinese territory '

* The entire Sino-Indian border can be generally divided into three areas :the border to the east of Bhutan ,the central border across Uttar Pradesh ,Punjab and Himachal Pradesh ,and the border separating Jammu & Kashmir from Chinese territories of Sinkiang and Tibet.

* The border dispute relates mainly to McMahon Line in North-East, and Ladakh in North-West.
The McMahon Line

* India has always treated the McMahon Line as the lawfully demarcated border between India and China, China on the other hand has always called it a Imperialist line

* The McMahon Line was decided in1914 at a conference of the representatives of British India, Tibet and China ,held at Shimla

* The conference was held to sort out border differences between Nepal ,Bhutan, Sikkim and Tibet.

* The Secretary of State for India Arthur Henry McMahon represented India in Conference

* The boundary between Outer Tibet and India was demarcated at the high mountain peaks, this could also be viewed as natural boundary between the nations

* China has not ratified it till date
Ladakh

* Ladakh has always been a part of J&K

* The State was under British paramountcy till independence and later acceded to India, as an integral part of India

* It was made clear in a note sent by India to China in1899 that Aksai Chin as a part of Indian territory.

* The revenue records of the State of Jammu& Kashmir also confirm that Aksai Chin was always apart of Ladakh region of Jammu &Kashmir
The dispute

* A road was built by the Chinese across the Aksai China area during1956-57.

* The road was meant to open Western Tibet to Chinese immigrants and to divert its trade from its traditional southward direction into Western China and the Soviet Union

* There was a protest from the Chinese side of Indian troops intruding into its territories (Be-Je)Barahooti, India rejected it and claimed it to be Indian territory

* When India raised a issue it was stated as KMT old map mistake

* Soon Chou En Lai wrote letter stating thousands of sq. kilometers to be Chinese territory and stated McMohan line as a British Imperialistic aggression on China

* After years of silence China suddenly started claiming territories

* The situation got worse with arrest of Indian troops in Akaishin

* Various meetings with Chinese leadership bore no fruit

* Pressed by strong public sentiments ,Nehru decided to pursue the'forward policy 'which meant that India was to exercise its effective control upto its borders

* By the end of 1961,about 50 posts were established by Indian forces all along the border.

* China soon signed concluded agreements with Pakistan a US ally!

* As China prepared for armed action against India ,

* Unfortunately Indian defence forces were not allowed to fully prepare to face the aggression.

* Political leadership of Nehru and Defence Minister V.K.Krishna Menon refused to agree with army's assessment of likely Chinese aggression.

* On July12,1962 an Indian police post in Galban Valley in Ladakh was seized by the Chinese and jawans were taken in captivity.

* Indian protest was ignored,a good part of Indian territory was occupied

* The Chinese launched a massive attack on October20,1962 in North-East Frontier Agency(NEFA )as well as in the Ladakh Sector.

* Meanwhile ,on the urgent request of India ,both Britain and the United States rushed necessary war material needed by the Indian army particularly for mountain warfare

* Suddenly on November 21,196 2 the Chinese announced unilateral cease-fire.

* China had made a three-point proposal for ceasefire on October26 ,1962.

1. China had suggested that both countries accept Ceasefire and agree to honour the line of actual control(LOC ) and that both The armies withdraw 20km from the LOC on their sides

2. if India refused to withdraw ,China would unilaterally withdraw 20 km from the north of LOC, provided both countries respected the line of control.

3. the two Prime Ministers should confer to find a solution to the problem.

* India rejected The proposals, and suggested that China restore the status quo ante as on September8,1962. This was not accepted by China

* China initiated a powerful anti-India campaign by propagating that India was no longer non-aligned and that it was firmly in the American imperialist camp
The Colombo Proposals

* a conference of six non-aligned countries was convened by Sri Lankan Prime Minister in Colombo on December10,1962

* The recommendations were discussed by Sirimavo Bandarnaike with PM of India and China

* The Conference felt Cease fire be used to secure peace between the nations

* As suggested by Chou En-lai to Nehru,

* China should withdraw its posts in the western sector by 10 kilometers;

* India should maintain its existing military position in both the sectors ;

* The area vacated by China should remain demilitarized and it should be managed by neutral posts to be chosen by the two countries

* In NEFA the line of actual control(LAC ) accepted by both the countries should be treated as cease fire line

* In the middle sector, position as on September 8,1962 be maintained;

* India was satisfied this but China added riders on this agreement such as

1. Only China should maintain its civil posts in the western demilitarized zone and
India would not have any right in the area.

1. Indian presence be completely forbidden in the demilitarized zone

2. Indian troops must not move upto the McMahon Line in the eastern sector

* These conditions were not acceptable to India the proposal didnt take off

* During the Bangladesh war China in UN while standing by Pakistan called Indian action on East Pakistan as Gangster Logic

* China repeatedly vetoed Bangladesh membership in UN, the irony being it took two decades for China to get its membership granted as US vetoed it for which India supported
Indias first Nuclear test

* India conducted first nuclear test in 1974 which was primarly for peaceful energy needs of India

* But China called it as Nuclear blackmail against smaller neighbors and assured Pakistan against such blackmails and supported Pakistan in the Kashmir issue
Sikkim

* In 1947,popular vote rejected Sikkim joining Indian Union PM JL.Nehru accepted to a special protectorate status for Sikkim by which controlled its external affairs, defence, diplomacy and communications and Sikkim had Administrative autonomy

* A state council and constitutional government was established under the Chogyal(monarch)

* The Chogyal became extremely unpopular which led to riots

* The Sikkim PM appealed to India to accept it as a state, Indian army moved in and by referendum Sikkim became a state of Indian Union

* First, the35th Amendmentlaid down a set of conditions that made Sikkim an "Associate State," a special designation not used by any other state.

* Later, the36th Amendmentrepealed the 35th Amendment, and made Sikkim a full state, adding its name to theFirst Scheduleof the Constitution

* China accused India of expansionism

* China accepting the suzerainty of India over china took time

* In 2000, the seventeenthKarmapa,Urgyen Trinley Dorje, who had been confirmed by theDalai Lamaand accepted as atulkuby the Chinese government, escaped from Tibet, seeking to return to theRumtek Monasteryin Sikkim

* China was in a tight situation as a protest to India would mean Chinese acceptance of Indian control over Sikkim

* Soon it was made clear that China expected India to accept Tibet & Taiwan as Chinese territory which soon India acknowledged with visit of the then PM A.B.Vajpayee but with a twist of with the PM stressing Tibet Autonomy within China

* The two countries agreed to a new trade route between them through Sikkim and Tibet ,implying that China "accepted " Sikkim as an Indian state

* For the first time,China removed Sikkim from its website of independent Asian countries

* In 2004 China finally ceased treating Sikkim as an "independent nation annexed by India

* Later when Chinese Premier Wen Jiabao visited India ,he categorically told PM Manmohan Singh that China regarded Sikkim as an 'inalienable part of India '

* The Nathu La (or the 'Pass of Listening Ear 'in Tibetan Language),which was for a long time used as route of trade between China and India ,via Tibet and Sikkim ,was closed in 1962 during the border war

* A gap of 44 years the Nathu la was reopened as the route of' silk trade 'between Tibetan Autonomous Region of China ,and Sikkim the State of India on July6, 2006 .
Normalization of Ties

* There was no full ambassadorial relations from 1962 to 1974 though the embassies functioned

* After negotiations in 1975 India decided to decided to send an ambassador to china, the ambassador being Future President K.R.Narayanan

* China responded sending its ambassador

* The border issue still had strained impact on ties

* PM Moraji desai in 1978 stated no progress could be made unless the border issues are resolved

* In 2003 PM Atal Bihari Vajpayee visit to china both appointed special representatives to explore relations between the two countries, India appointed brajesh Mishra

* Despite various discussions there has been no acceptance even on Line of Actual control (LAC)

* The main stumbling block appeared to be the rigid traditional Chinese position that
there should be"swap "of territories .

* China would give up Aksai Chin in the east, but only if India transferred Arunachal Pradesh to China
POST-MAO CHINA AND INDIA

* With the death of Mao in 1976 and the defeat and defeat of Indira Gandhi a new climate came up

* Indias the then Foreign Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee visited china but the PM Moraji Desai had stated that the border issue was the key to better relations

* The visit had to be cut short as China attacked Vietnam which was with respect to the influence of Soviet influence in the region

* Overall the relations improved

* Post 1980 with the return of Indira Gandhi,took forward the good work of Moraji Desai in improving the ties

* She met the then Chinese Premier Hua Kuo-feng in May 1980 at Belgrade, during President Tito's funeral

* This was the first meeting at this level since Chou-Nehru meeting in1961.

* China adopted the policy that the complicated border problem should best be left alone ,while the two countries proceed to build up economic, trade ,cultural ,social and political relationship .India agreed

* China had begun to suggest that it could recognize McMahon Line in the east only if it was allowed to hold on to the areas in Ladakh that it had occupied

* Rajiv Gandhi was the first Prime Minister ,after Nehru ,to pay an official visit to China.

* Prime Minister Narasimha Rao paid a return visit to China in1993.

* During this visit the two countries agreed to keep the border dispute apart ,but develop friendly relations in other field

* Until the border dispute is resolved, Rao and Li Peng agreed to maintain peace on Line of Actual Control(LAC) .
Agreement for Confidence-Building Measures,1996

* During a FAO meet

* On world food problem in Rome in November 1996 ,Prime Minister H. D.Deve Gowda met Chinese Premier Li Peng and assured him that Dalai Lama would not be allowed to engage in political activity on the Indians oil

* China responded positively Chinese president visited India

* The significant among the talks at that time was Agreement on Confidence Building Measures in the Military Field along the Line of Actual Control in the India-China Border Areas

* There was agreement on Confident building measures

* Both countries agreed to reduce military presence in the LAC and no military aircraft would be flown without either permission along LAC

* Three other agreements were also concluded by India and China .

* These were:
(i)the agreement for the continuation of Indian Consulate in Hong Kong after this British colony was restored to China in July 1997;
(ii)an agreement for Cooperation between two countries to fight against smuggling of arms and narcotics and other economic offences;
(iii)an agreement to regulate maritime transport including avoidance of double taxation in this regard .

* In a interesting turn of events China refused to support Pakistan in the Kargil war
Post Pokhran II ,1998

* China bitterly opposed nuclear tests by India and supported the sanctions against India

* But soon after India endured the sanctions China seemed to be open towards relations with India

* The former diplomat visit to China K.R.Narayanan was seen groundbreaking development

CONTENTIOUS ISSUES BETWEEN INDIA AND CHINA ,IN NEWS AND VARIOUS STAND POINTS
Chinas String of Pearls and Indias Enduring Tactical Advantage

* A team of Booz Allen consultants, in a report for the Pentagon, coined the term string of pearls to describe Chinas attempts to gain a strategic foothold in the Indian Ocean

* This is assertive diplomacy primarily geared towards strengthening its economic and security ties with countries as diverse as Pakistan, Myanmar and Sri Lanka

* In some cases this firming up of ties has led to joint port construction or nlargement deals, such as with Pakistan at Gwadar, or with Sri Lanka at Hambantota

* China unfortunately is a prisoner of its own geography as it is positioned far from some of the worlds most strategically salient shipping lanes, where the US and Indian Navies hold sway

* China has fast growing need for oil which it is dependent on the sea route which is strategically favourable of India

* The popularly known Malacca Dillemma(explained later) is a thorn in Chinas great ambitions of forceful hegemony in Asia

* It is to solve this crisis of dependence on Indian ocean routes pushed China to move towards port of Gwadar which it depends on to some extend its sway in the region the disadvantage being the instability in Pakistan and the distance add to it the rugged environment adds to Chinese woes

* China 's investments in India's strategic neighbourhood are seen by some as part of a concerted strategy by the Chinese PLA to limit, if not contain, India's power projection abilities.

* Sittwe and Coco Islands in Myanmar, alleged investments in port facilities in Thailand and Cambodia, Chittagong in Bangladesh, Hambantota in Sri Lanka, Gwadar in Pakistan along with investments in the Maldives are said to be components of this String of Pearls

Indias Tactical Advantages

* The unresolved land border issue and Tibet, both of which are intrinsically linked, are the focal points of Sino-Indian tension and are likely to remain so in the future

* In case of a war it could be a land based war along the Himalayan north east

* Indian Navys role under such conditions will be minimal

* In case of a war India has multiple options in the sea one being a naval blockade to reduce the imports that china depends on primarily energy based

* But china has been stocking up oil for long to make its hand strong during such circumstances
Breaking the String of pearls

* Indias natural peninsular formation means that it has been described by some as akin to an unsinkable aircraft carrier jutting out into the Indian Ocean in short India is geographically well placed in the Indian ocean

* Any naval taskforce venturing into the Bay of Bengal with hostile intentions would have to contend with Indias airforce and naval aviation, operating not only from the mainland, but also from the Andaman and Nicobar archipelago in the Andaman Sea

* Even if the String of pearls is activated that would make Chinas naval strength dispersed in the region while a concentrated Indian strength holds tactical advantage

* A massive deployment outside one of pearls of China would force China deescalate any assault on Indian land as it happened during Kargil war were Indian Navys stationing of its fleet 13 nautical miles outside Karachi

* In one such India in 2012 opened its INS Baaz at Cambell Bay, overlooking the Strait of Malacca

* The base, about 300 nautical miles from Port Blair, will also include an upgraded airbase, will soon be operating heavier military planes from the Indian Air Force fleet like the just-inducted Hercules C-130J Super Hercules meant for special forces' operations.

* It has been also been described by certain Chinese analysts as a metal chain which could lock China out of the Indian Ocean

* India has primarily focused on controlling the choke points to put its stamp in the Indian ocean
Indian Sphere of Influence against the Chinese string of Pearls
SOUTHWEST INDIAN OCEAN

* Indias security relationships in the region are anchored by its close relationship with Mauritius

* Since 2003, the Indian Navy has also provided maritime security through periodic patrols of Mauritian waters including anti-piracy patrols in 2010

* The Indian Navy has assisted with maritime security in the Seychelles EEZ under a 2003 defence cooperation agreement under which it provided anti-piracy patrols in early 2010

* In July 2007 the Indian Navy opened an electronic monitoring facility in northern Madagascar at the head of the Mozambique Channel and reportedly has also been granted limited berthing rights in Madagascar for Indian naval vessels.

* In 2006, India and Mozambique entered a defence cooperation agreement that envisages joint maritime patrols, supply of military equipment, training and technology transfer
North Western Indian Ocean

* the ability of India to extend its security presence in the northwest Indian Ocean has also been
constrained by US predominance in the Gulf, leaving little room for India

* Despite these constraints, India is developing security relations in the region, particularly with Qatar

* Qatar see India as partially balancing their security relationships with the United States

* Since 2003, India has entered into several defence agreements with Oman dealing with training, maritime security cooperation and joint exercises

* The Indian Air Force uses the Thumrait air base for transit purposes and Oman has offered the Indian Navy berthing facilities in support of anti-piracy patrols

* In 2008 India also entered into a security agreement with Qatar which, according to some reports, includes Indian security guarantees.
Central Indian Ocean

* The two island chains that dominate the central Indian Ocean are the British administered Indian Ocean Territory (which hosts the US air and naval base on Diego Garcia) and the Maldives.

* In 1988, India sent troops and naval forces to the Maldives to support President Gayoom in an attempted coup by Sri Lankan mercenaries.

* In August 2009, a security agreement was formalised that will significantly enhance Indias capabilities in the central Indian Ocean.

* The Indian government has decided to station a Defense Attach at Male, the capital of Maldives.

* Additionally, India has also decided to position its Advanced Light Helicopter (ALH) Dhruv an additional period of two years beyond April 2012.

* India has been granted use of the former British naval and air base on Gan Island, part of the southernmost group of islands in the Maldives

* As part of the agreement, India is also building a system of 26 electronic monitoring facilities across the Maldives archipelago

* According to the Maldivian President, the installations are to protect the Maldives large EEZ from illegal fishing.

North East Indian Ocean

* Indias has direct security presence in the Andaman Sea

* The operational radius of aircraft based there encompasses the Malacca Strait and large portions of the South
China Sea

* Indias security relationships in the region are anchored by Singapore.

* Singapore sees India as having an important security role in the region, acting as a balance to other extra-regional powers, including China, the United States and Japan

* Singapore has been granted long term use of Indian facilities to conduct air and army training.

* It has been stated that there is an arrangement allowing for frequent visits of Indian naval vessels to
Singapores Changi Naval Base

* With respect to Indonesia a defence Cooperation Agreement was signed in 2001.

* In 2002 concerns about the potential use of the Andaman Sea as a communication route with extremist groups in the region the commencement of biannual coordinated naval patrols between the Indian and Indonesian navies in the Six-Degree Channel at the northern entrance to the Malacca Strait.

* The Strait of Malacca, which represents a key choke point between the Indian and Pacific Oceans, forms a focus of Indias maritime security ambitions in the northeast Indian Ocean

* This Strait has prime importance when handling China

* Malacca Strait being one of the busiest in the world, is prone to high levels of piracy and India has been maintaining a presence in the region

* Indian Navys expansion program in the coming decades would give it the capability to act somewhere between a free-rider navy and a constable navy as such maintaining maritime policing

* But The United States, particularly with its base at Diego Garcia and its naval facilities in Singapore and the Gulf, seems likely to remain the predominant naval power
Link for image below
https://mapsengine.google.com/map/edit?mid=zhk81n6mNAeo.kRjwxoemez4s

Indias Two key Geo strategies
The Mackinder and Mahan approach Indian Choices
What or who are Mackinder and Mahan?
Alfred Thayer Mahan

* Alfred Thayer Mahan was a United States Navyflag officer,geostrategist

* Mahans approach towards National Greatness fairly depended on the Sea power of an Nation as sea was prime mover of trade in peace time and enable control over trade during war

* The strategic locations such as Choke points ,Canals
What is a choke point?

* In military strategy, achoke point(orchokepoint) is a geographical feature on land such as a valley,defileor a bridge, or at sea such as astraitwhich an armed force is forced to pass, sometimes on a substantially narrowerfront, and therefore greatly decreasing its combat power, in order to reach itsobjective.

* The advantage of the choke point holder is that even if the defender is inferior than the opponent the cannot considerably defend himself as at a choke point the numerical strength in the Choke point is considerably decreased

* The strategists who support sea strength approach are colloquially Mahans
Indias Mahan advantage
The Malacca Dilemma

* In 2003, Hu Jintao in a speech to senior party members at an economic work conference highlighted what he called the Malacca Dilemma.

* According to then President Hu, 80% China's trade passes through the 600-mile waterway including its oil imports

* China's oil demand is expected to rise by several million barrels a day by 2015 with no equivalent rise in domestic production

* This has left China scrambling for alternative sources and one option that has gained momentum is the Sino Myanmar pipeline, scheduled to be finished September 2013

* The pipe line does not solve Chinas problems as its demand is beyond that.

* The Malacca Dilemma is approximately 1000 km long but at several points is narrow as 15 kilometers.

* At their absolute narrowest, near Singapore, the width of the strait is only 2.8 kilometer

* China's fears a hostile power could seize control of the straits and block nearly all of China's energy imports. You know who china is worried about???

* Both land based artillery and airpower can effectively deny China the use of the strait

* It is observed that land-based planes were more effective at maritime interdiction than carrier-based planes

* This suggests that an adversary without carriers (we have carriers :-P) could still seal the strait effectively.

* The recent addition to Indian naval power being theArihant, went critical, andits first indigenous aircraft carrier, theVikrant

* Malacca Strait carries 1/3 of the international trade.

* There were four proposals that would help middle-eastern oil get to China faster

* The first was a proposal to spend 20 billion dollars to dig a canal across Thailand's Isthmus of Kra.

* It fell through due to domestic opposition in the region one of the notable reasons being strong opposition from Malaysia and Singapore as their ports would lose its importance

* The next as Gwadar in Pakistan to Xinjiang, problem never ending instability in Pakistan

* The third alternative was building a pipeline that would start in Iran, go through Pakistan, India and finally on to China fails as its too long and will need a lot of co operation from others

* The only success china has achieved is the Sino Myanmar pipelines but they are unsafe compared to seaborne shipping as ships can change routes but pipes pass through miles which is not under Chinese territory and hostile neigbourhood

* It gets even worser as Myanmar is a nation under transition and Obama made his visit after his election victory.

* All these points add leverage to Indias advantage in case of a war with china yet China has been recklessly stocking up oil to stand its ground


* It is these advantages which also pushes China into establish the String of Pearls

* The problem with Mahan advantage is that how far is china interested in defending its pearls on the long run under Naval blockade

* It must also be remembered that weakest of weak spots for China is itssea lines of communications (SLOCs) in the Indian Oceanregion.
Halford Mackinder

* Sir Halford John Mackinder was anEnglish geographer,academic, the first Principal of University Extension College

* Mackinders Heartland theory is the diametrically opposite of Mahans approach

* The Heartland theory hypothesized a huge empire being brought into existence in the Heartlandwhich wouldn't need to use coastal or transoceanic transport to remain coherent

* In short Nations greatness is all about Land
Handling the Chinese Mackinder

* India is strategically on the downside when it comes to the continental pressure while the Tibetan side of China is plains which china could quickly marshal its troops with its better infra India is yet to develop strong infra on the Indian side

* In case of a armed attack from the Chinese side India ,requires stand-off deterrent systemssuch as longer range missiles and greater reach in air power which India has to some extend

* One more approach can be using the Confidence Building Measures such as joint patrolling from escalating the issue

* A notable step forward in increasing Indian strength is the recent decision to proceed with the creation of a new mountain strike corps of nearly 40,000 troops to be deployed along the disputed China border region by the end of 2016

* In recent years, India has tested and deployed severallong-range land- and sea-based missilesto acquire a credible second-strike capability and the welcome addition of Agni V

* Remember the Depsang incursion by China in Indian territory were China established camps in the region which was de escalated by diplomatic channels yet India camped its forces near the Chinese side

* The standoff took 3 weeks to reside, This was an isolated camp, 19 kms inside what the India considered its side of the LAC

* Remember Sumdorong Chu Valley Incident another example of Chinese escalation

1. At the end of 1986, India granted statehood toArunachal Pradesh, which is an area claimed by China but administered by India.

2. The military movements inTawang, taken in conjunction with this political action were seen as a provocation by the Chinese.

3. India followed it up with operation Falcon and Chequer board which India responded by moving troops face to face in the region soon the situation was frozen and both sides decided to move forward towards talks

* The latest in the line of intrusion being Chinese troops apprehended five Indian nationals in the Chumar area of Ladakh, well inside the Indian territory, and took them to their side of the border perhaps the first incident of this kind along the Line of Actual Control.

* From above it becomes clear a good balance of Mahan and Mackinder would enable India towards strengthening its hand in the region

* There also a issue of confusion in the issue of border management

* The Indo-Tibetan Border Police (ITBP) under the Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA), a Central Armed Police Force (CAPF) mans the LAC.

* The ITBP does not come under the Indian Army or its operational control.

* In case of on incursion a confusion arises who to take order due to duel control as in MOD or MEA

* There is also a standpoint with regard to demilitarization of Siachen which is a irritant between India and Pakistan which is at Indias advantage and also an irritant for china on the long run


The Pearls in Space
Chinese interest in Sri Lanka & Pakistan

* A private Sri Lankan company Supreme Sat has entered into a partnership agreement with China Great Wall Industry Corporation (CGWIC)

* GWIC is China's State-owned company and is assisting Supreme Sat with regard to design, manufacture and launch of satellites

* China is also assisting with the promotion of space science by developing a Space Academy, the Pallekelle Space Centre

* China has also been assisting been Maladives and Nepal in the field of Information technology

* In December 2012 China declared its global navigation system Beidou operational for the Asia-Pacific region.

* Pakistans space agency has a cooperation agreement with China for the use of this system

* China has been in the using technology to move bilateral agreements towards its neighbours
ONGC Videsh & Vietnam Issue

* Vietnam had given oil exploration blocks to India

* East China sea is as a whole a disputed zone between

* People's Republic of China(PRC)

* Philippines

* Vietnam

* Malaysia

* Brunei

* Indonesia

* This was followed by opposition by China calling it a disputed zone

* India later suspended the exploration as it found it unviable

* Following meet between November Vietnam and India the two sides signed eight pacts of which the ones on energy cooperation and protection of information in defence will intensify the already close ties in these two sectors.
China & Pakistan All weather Partnership against India

* One of the notable partnership between China Pakistan is the Gwadar port transfer to China which has been explained earlier and also in http://mrunal.org/2012/11/diplomacy-durand-line-baluchistan-gwadar-port-indiapakistanafghanistaniranian-interests.html by mrunal
The Nuclear Relations

* Indigenous 1,100 MWnuclear reactor seriescalled ACP 1000 which is set to be a major technological advance for Beijing is to be sold to Pakistan which raised Indian concerns and India has made its objects

* Chinese argument, sources said, continue to hover around the point that all this cooperation falls within the Sino-Pak nuclear cooperation agreement which precedes Chinese accession to the NSG(1975)

* This cannot be seen as a reaction to Indo US nuclear deal as The Chinese admission to NSG was made effectiveJune 10, 2004.

* As early asApril 10, 2005, well before the USA-India nuclear deal, Pakistani officials had announced that Pakistan and China had reached an agreement whereby Beijing would provide two 300-megawatts-electric-capacity nuclear power reactors to Pakistan

East China Sea Air Defence Identification Zone (ADIZ)

* China announced that it now had an Air Defence Identification Zone (ADIZ) in the East China Sea

* China has often claimed its rise to be a peaceful development its actions in general being otherwise
What is an ADIZ?

* A section of international airspace over which a country declares its right to identify aircraft, ostensibly to protect itself from foreign threat.

* Customary international law with no jurisdiction rights
Impact

* A country would use radar to detect unexpected aircraft flying in the ADIZ and observe them

* If a countrys plane enters this zone communication would be set up and inquired if no threat to the host country that is the end if a threat a aircraft interception would be followed up
In News

* Chinas ADIZ encompasses the Diaoyu/Senkaku islands claimed by both China and Japan.

* The background of Diaoyu/Senkaku has been explained in http://mrunal.org/2012/08/diplo-daioy.html by Mrunal

* The first time an overlapping ADIZ has been declared in an area where there is a sovereignty dispute.

* This issue began after USA transferred its control of the Islands to Japan

* For four decades, China and Japan had adhered to a tacit agreement over the status of the islands i.e Japan would retain administrative control and claim sovereignty, and China would contest the sovereignty but not challenge Japan's administrative control.

* This understanding ended when Japan nationalized the island to prevent right wing leader of Japan leader from buying the island

* The Diplomat pointed out, China is engaging in lawfare using international institutions to achieve strategic goals

* This development led to an immediate spiking of tensions with its neighbours, Japan, South Korea and Taiwan, as well as with the United States.

* The United States sent two B-52 bombers into the air zone claimed by China. A couple of days later, Japan and South Korea followed suit, sending aircraft into the zone without informing the Chinese authorities

* Chinese officials have defended their move by pointing to Japans already established - and larger - ADIZ in the East China Sea

* China also announced that it would not be establishing such zones near Indian border
Possibilities in future

* Beijing's attempts to enforce the ADIZ in future could result in accidental military clashes with Japanese and US military aircraft in the zone

* China could set up a similar ADIZ in the South China Sea, using the same tactic to assert its maritime claims

* USA has already warned against ADIZ being established by China in disputed South China Sea region
North Eastern Insurgencies and Chinese involvement

* Indian security personnel have indicated that the armed groups in Northeast India have sustained their armed violence due to the uninterrupted flow of weapons from across the border in Myanmar


* The suspects in Myanmar are the Karen National Union (KNU) and the Kachin Independence Army (KIA)

* But the most effective illegal weapons trader in Myanmar is the armed ethnic group, the United Wa State Army (UWSA).

* The UWSA is the military wing of the United Wa State Party (UWSP) founded in 1989 with members of Wa National Council (WNC), which represent the Wa ethnic group

* The UWSA declared its own Wa State Government Special Administrative Region within Myanmar on January 1, 2009, but not recognized by the Government of Myanmar

* The Wa state predominantly depends on China and works on the line on Chinese needs

* The Wa and Chinese relationship is primarily symbiotic in nature

* Most commodities within the Wa State are from China and the currency of exchange is the Renminbi

* On the other hand Wa gives China the strategic depth in Myanmar as Chinese influence has been dwindling as Myanmar is under transition and USA has been showing interest in the region along with India

* The total strength of the UWSA is 30, 000 armed cadres with 10, 000 auxiliary force.

* Its writ is written large in these border areas and its dependence on China for financial and other support makes the UWSA a stakeholder in increased Chinese influence

* In2008 report,Jane's Intelligence Reviewreported that Chinaprovided the Wa with advanced weapons to build up their defenses.

* These allegations have been dismissed by China but the Wa-China connection is deep seated and actively supported by the Chinese government

* The UWSAs biggest source of revenue is its involvement in the illegal small arms network across South and Southeast Asia.

* It manufactures Chinese weapons with an informal franchise, procured from Chinese ordnance factories.

* The main motive is to sell these weapons for huge profit to Northeastern Indian armed groups who are lucrative consumers of such weapons.

* The arms manufacturing unit in the Wa territories are supported by the Chinese factories in Yunnan.

* It is this indirect and direct Chinese in the northern eastern sector that has been affecting peace in Indian side

* /*Personal opinion*/Besides India has a lone Siliguri Corridor(Chicken neck) is the only way for India to reach its North eastern half has been a irritant for india perhaps Land agreement with Bangladesh could strengthen Indias hand as Bangladesh could give route for armed forces
Arunachal Pradesh & Chinas claim
The Chinese logic

* China bases it claim on the argument that historical ties existed between the Tawang monastery in Arunachal Pradeshand the Lhasa monastery .

* Hence, the Chinese logic is that givenTibet is now part of China, Arunachal Pradesh should form a
part of it.

* China did capture Tawang in 1962 but the hostile locality and lack of infrastructure and logistics made china pull back

* China has upgraded its military presence in Tibet very close to the Lineof Actual Control (LAC) in Arunachal Pradesh

* On the border with India, China has deployed 13 Border Defence Regiments amounting to around
300,000 PLAtroops. Airfields have also been established at Hoping, Pangta and Kong Ka respectively .

* India has responded to this Chinese military build-up by taking a strategic decision in October 2011 to deploy the Brahmos supersonic cruise missile, which has a flight range of 290 km

* A five year expansion plan to induct 90,000 more troops and deploy four more divisions in the eastern sector is also underway

* Already , ther e are 120,000 Indian troops stationed in the eastern sector , supported by two Sukhoi 30 MKI squadrons from Tezpur in Assam

* In April 2012, Indiasuccessfully tested the 5000km range Inter-Continental Ballistic Missile (ICBM), Agni V

* The Agni V can reach Chinese cities like Beijing and Shanghai.

* China already possesses ICBM capabilities ranging from 5,500 km to 8,000 km i.e Dongfeng 31

* This is termed as security dilemma, Security dilemma by definition implies that when the first state arms itself, the second state fearing the first states armament, in turn arms itself. leading to a vicious cycle
Chinas Tibetan headache
Hanisation of Tibet

* This was done by engineering large scale migration of Han Chinese into Tibet with the ultimate aimof reducing Tibetans to a minority in their own land

* In 1987, the late Panchen Lama said, The expense of keeping one Chinese in Tibet is equal to that of four in China. Why should Tibet spend its money to feed them? ... Tibet has suffered greatlybecause of the policy of sending a large number of useless people.

* To encourage migration from mainland China, the Chinese Government announced a slew of attractive benefits and concessions for its employees and settlers.

* The benefits to migrant were :

1. housing, healthcare,

2. special leave to China, cultural and educational facilities, high altitude allowance;

3. 87 per cent higher wages than in China,

4. special tax exemptions and loans at low interest rates.

5. Above all, the one child policy did not apply to Chinese settled in Tibet.

* Chinas Tibet Policy, Tibet was given favourable treatment:

6. Tibetan businesses enjoyed a preferential tax rate of three per cent lower than mainland China

7. farmers and herdsmen were exempted from taxes and administrative charges.

8. Banks have enjoyed a preferential interest rate of two points lower than the mainland as well as low rate on insurance premiums.

* All this has ensured a double digit growth for TAR for a decade.

* But these have not helped Tibetans greatly as the Hanisation has reduced their end of profit

* The situation has been the Tibets working and Hans controlling

* The outcome of this has been the marginalisation of Tibetans in their own homeland

* China has never loosened its grip in the region for its abundant natural resourses
Chinese Religious Intolerance:

* Dalai Lama is at the heart of the Buddhist culture of Tibet.

* The Chinese Government has made all attempts to demonise and discredit the Dalai Lama as a traitor and a wolf in asheep skin which Tibetans resent

* The Chinese

* Government has selected their own Panchen Lama - five-year old Gyaltsen Norbu, son of a yak herder rejecting Dalai Lamas choice which has been a age old tradition
March 2008 Uprising

* This is a series of riots of what started as annual observance of Tibet Uprising day

* This was followed by rioting looting and killing and protests in Tibet Autonomous Region (TAR) and Lhasa

* Chinese administration governing Tibet stated that the unrest was motivated byseparatismand orchestrated bythe Dalai Lama

* Another notable Chinese weakness came to fore as in the Xinjiang Autonomous Region, in July 2011 there were bomb blasts and knifing incidents in Hotan which targeted security personnel.

* In what the Chinese government termed an act of coordinated terrorism, 18 Uyghur rioters attacked a government building and took several hostages.

* These incidents show Chinese weakness despite its iron fist top down control

Why China needs Arunachal Pradesh?

* Arunachal Pradesh also has great symbolic resonance for its legitimacy over Tibet

* The 400 years old monastery in Tawang was the birthplace of the sixth Dalai Lama in the 17thcentury and is the second largest Tibetan monastery after Lhasa

* It is plausible that the 14th Dalai Lama chooses his successor from the Tawang monastery .

* China also perceives that India makes it possible for the Dalai Lama to travel abroad, and his speeches around the world have kept the Tibetan issue alive and questioned Chinese legitimacy over Tibet

* China fears that India might itself become a base for the subversive activities of the Dalai Lamas supporters

* In short China believes getting Arunachal Pradesh for itself would give a complete legitimate touch over the Tibet region

* But the problem Tibet by itself has not been peaceful and resisting chinas grip the 2008 Tibet uprisings being a example for the instability in the region

* The Chinese insecurity in legitimacy over Tibet has lead to aggressive posturing over Arunachal Pradesh

* In May 2007, China denied visa to Ganesh Koyu, an Indian Administrative Service (IAS) officer from ArunachalPradesh, who was to be a part of a 107 IAS officer study visit to Beijing and Shanghai.

* China pointed out that Koyu is a Chinese citizen since he is a native of Arunachal Pradesh and hence could visit China without a visa

* In June 2009, China again tried to block Indias request for US$ 2.9 billion loan from the Asian Development Bank (ADB) as the request included US$60 million for flood management, water supply , and sanitation project in Arunachal Pradesh

* In November 2009,China opposed the Dalai Lamas visit to Arunachal Pradesh when Jiang Y u, the spokeswoman for Chinas foreign ministry asserted that Chinas stance on the so-called Arunachal Pradesh is consistent.

* China has been of late issuing stapled visas to people from Arunachal Pradesh the recent example being stapled visas to two archers from Arunachal who were held back by India

* These are example of Chinese assertion over Arunachal Pradesh

* President Pranab Mukerjee in his visit to Arunachal Pradesh had stated Arunachal Pradesh an integral part of India to which China reacted as India would refrain from "actions that complicate the boundary question".
The Trans Karakoram Tract

* Pakistan occupied Kashmir (PoK) consists of the so called 'Azad Jammu and Kashmir (AJK)' and 'Gilgit-Baltistan' (referred to as the 'Northern Areas' till August 2009).

* PoK is part of the state of Jammu and Kashmir (J&K), and hence an integral part of India

* The state of Jammu and Kashmir continues to be under illegal occupation of Pakistan while the other part remains with India after accession

* PoK is of immense strategic importance, shares borders with several countries Pakistan, the Wakhan Corridor of Afghanistan and Tajikistan to the west and the Xinjiang province of the People's Republic of China to the north.
Where does china come in the picture?

* Pakistan ceded Karakoram tract to China in 1963

* The Karakoram Highway (KKH) connecting Pakistan with China and built in 1978 with Chinese assistance runs through PoK against strong protests

* The KKH is about 1280 kms long and connects Havelian rail-head near Abbotabad in the Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan with Kashgar, in the Xinjiang region of China

* China has also been undertaking many developmental projects in PoK which means china is doing development works for Pakistan in a area that India has legitimate claims

* This region is also home land of jihadis against India

* The 1966 Sino-Pak accord enabled Pakistan to access Chinese weapons through the KKH.

* Chinese military contributions have helped Pakistan sustain itswars on the eastern front and continue a low intensity conflict along the LoC.

* Another angle to this could be connecting China with Pakistan through various ports and highways to secure alternate route

* India, aware of Sino-Pak intentions has termed the KKH as Pakistans grand strategy aimed at consolidating the so-called Trans-Asian axis and to isolate India and diminish its influence in Afghanistan and Central Asia

* /*opinion*/All this Sino friendly relations depends largely on peace in Pakistan and its ability to withstand extremist onslaught and a unhappy POK population which has been neglected completely



Indias entry into East Asian Summit and Chinese reactions

* In December 2005, India attended the first East Asia Summit (EAS,namely, the ASEAN Plus Six) held in Kuala Lumpur

* EAS was conceptualized under recommendation from the ASEAN plus Three (the three being

* China, Japan and South Korea). This process was established in 1997 and institutionalised in 1999, as a response to the Asian Financial Crisis of 1997.

* China, Japan and South Korea have been playing a major role in community building in East Asia, in which China, while allowing the ASEAN to remain in the drivers seat, was giving most of the directions.

* East asia has multiple importance for China for it is its key route of trade and also has the choke point Malacca strait hence more than economic issue it also has security issues and of course disputes with its neighbours

* China together with Malaysia favoured the ASEAN +3 as the focus for community building whereas Japan and India felt the EAS should be the focus of the East Asian Community.

* China, in particular, strongly opposed the inclusion of India and Australia in the proposed EAS

* Beijing even went to the extent of dispatching diplomats to Laos, then country convener for India within the ASEAN & Asian countries to dissuade them from lobbying for their membership

* Beijing failed in its plan all Southeast Asian countries supported Indias participation in the EAS, possibly seeing it as a useful balancer to Chinas growing power,

* Singapore and Indonesia were the strongest supporters of Indias inclusion in the EAS process
Instances of Cyber warfare The Chinese acts

* In 2011 India asked the SIM cards of all mobile companies be changed to indigenously made ones as foreign SIMs could contain embedded worms which may affect cellular activity

* The Information warfare by China is towards combined usage of network warfare tools and electronic warfare weapons in the event early stages of war

* In addition china has been creating Information Warfare(IW) militia which primarily consists of personnel from IT sector and academia for their offensive and defensive purposes

* There have been reports of Chinese researchers even buying Zero day vulnerabilities
What is Zero day Vulnerability
An attack against a software vulnerability that has not yet been addressed by the software developer/maintainer. These attacks are difficult to defend against as they are often undisclosed by the software developer himself

* China has also pulling down prominent hacking groups and transforming bring them to their side to serve their purposes

* In 2006 they arrested patriot hackers Black eagle base and shut down their site but the same group resurfaced as Black Eagle honker base claiming to serve the state from then on

* In 2009 M.K.Narayanan the then NSA of India that his office and some other departments have been targeted on the same day Google reported sophisticated cyber attacks from China

* A trojan which allows hacker to access computer remotely and download remotely and delete files was embedded in e mail pdf attachment
The following steps must be taken to prevent such attacks

* The network should be planned, owned and operationalised by defence agencies themselves.

* Total network security must be planned in addition to bulk media secrecy.

* Network equipment should be procured from reliable original equipment suppliers.

* Multi-layer communication systems, with redundancy catered for the critical systems at all levels should be installed

* Only applications on client computers connected on network to ensure security of individual files/data should be maintained.

* Data/ information can be kept encrypted on detachable seperate hard drive, to be connected through USB port on network computer to transmit particular file only. The file to be transmitted should only be copied on to the computer and once transmitted be securely deleted.

* Encryption and decryption should be carried out on a standalone computer




Abstract point regarding the two sides with no particular order (sourced from Pax Indica)

* India is set to overtake Chinas population by 2025

* China and India are worlds 2nd and 11th largest economy in dollar terms

* China holds the largest reserve of foreign currency in the world i.e dollar

* Chinese military budget has been increasing by 17 to 18% a year since 2007

* China as popular is for is for industrialization is equally known for pollution in the country

* Chindia is a word coined to refer to India and China in general for their proximity and status of future global power, Coined by Jairam Ramesh

* China started liberalization in 1978 ,13 years before India did

* China is primarily about top down military discipline

* In China national priorities are established by government and funded by state

* In India priorities emerge after a prolonged debate ,arguments and counter arguments i.e what we call a parliament .

* In China state owned enterprises are engines of devolpment

* In India private sectors are known for their entrepreneurial skills

* India is land of Individual excellence despite limitations of the system, in china individual success is a product of Chinese system

* Huge population displacement is one of stand points in Chinese development

* Chinas success in some parts doesnt stay in china big share goes out of china e.g of a $700 laptop made in china only 15% stays in China

* In practice made in china has been made by America in china

* China has poor Banking system in place which carried a whooping $911 billion as unrecoverable loan in 2006

* China is yet to properly use its domestic savings for national productive cause hence largely depends on FDI ,India on the other hand has been the opposite

* China lags behind India when it comes to software solutions

* While India manages pluralism comfortably China is yet to understand pluralism with Tibet being a standing proof

* China has overtaken US as Indias single largest trading partner /*opinion*/ which is a cause of concern as the trade is heavily tilted towards china

* Chinas FDI has been more into extraction of natural resources but Indias FDI more into IT and other technologies

* China has been accused of conserving its mineral reserves such as Iron and importing from countries such as India

* Chinese exports to India cheaper products which affects domestic producers
Freedom of press A Recently controversy in China

* The Chinese-language websites of The Wall Street Journal and Reuters(recently) blocked, and those of Bloomberg News and The New York Times have both been blocked for months

* The Chinese government has been refusing visa renewal for reporters /journalists of The Times and Bloomberg in China Why?

* Because ofexposing the enormous wealth amassed by relatives of senior Chinese leaders including the big man Xi jiping himself

* These journalists had scrutinized public records one of the scandals that came out was former Prime Minister Wen Jiabao's 90-year-old mother, a retired schoolteacher, had in her name an investment in a large Chinese financial services company valued around $100 million which is seen as tip of the iceberg

* This is lifted from Indian Express/New York Times by Thomas l. Friedman

* To this the Global Times(English Language Chinese Paper) responded by accusing Western media and Thomas as the West's strategy in interfering China's political agenda-setting and future policy orientation.

* Lacking knowledge about Chinese regulations and the western media losing its hold in their home turf now searching for new avenues thus stirring up public opinion
Areas of Co operation

* India & China have co operated on numerous occasions such as WTO and the UN summits on Environment in which both fought against binding agreements on emissions

* The developed nation accused both for jeopardizing the agreement
Conclusion/* Opinion*/
To quote

* Shyam Saran former IFS said Deceptionis an integral element ofChinesestrategic culture

* Arun shourie a noted journalist and former cabinet Minister stated about Chinese policy as
Claim, repeat the claim go on repeating the claim grab let time pass fellows will get used to it
India must tread carefully with an clear eye on China as for India to go big globally China is bound to be a definite hurdle .
by Aditya Ravichandran






















Sources

S.noNewspaper/IDSA sources

1http://www.idsa.in/idsacomments/ChinasStringofPearlsandIndiasEnduringTacticalAdvantage_irehman_080610

2http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/naval-air-station-opened-in-campbell-bay/article3707955.ece

3http://thediplomat.com/2013/08/the-mahan-mackinder-debate-on-indias-china-deterrence/

4http://www.idsa.in/idsastrategiccomments/IndiaMaldivesandtheIndianOcean_BChandramohan_131009

5http://thediplomat.com/2013/08/indias-new-mountain-strike-corps-conventional-deterrence/?allpages=yes

6http://www.observerindia.com/cms/sites/orfonline/modules/analysis/AnalysisDetail.html?cmaid=51979&mmacmaid=51980

7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geopolitics#Alfred_Thayer_Mahan_and_sea_power

8http://thediplomat.com/2013/08/can-india-blockade-china/

9http://thediplomat.com/2012/09/with-eye-on-china-india-embraces-maldives/

10http://www.idsa.in/idsacomments/TheProposedPLANavalBaseinSeychellesandIndiasOptions_msingh_151211

11http://www.thehindu.com/news/international/not-in-string-of-pearls-sri-lanka/article4196615.ece

12http://csc.iitm.ac.in/?q=node/375

13http://www.japanfocus.org/-Harsh_V_-Pant/3353

14http://thediplomat.com/2013/07/dont-worry-about-chinas-string-of-pearls-yet/

15http://www.idsa.in/idsastrategiccomments/ChinasString%20of%20pearlsinSpace_AjeyLele_210312

16http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/not-just-about-the-islands/article5441185.ece

17http://www.indianexpress.com/news/the-not-so-peaceful-rise-of-china/1208111/0

18http://www.business-standard.com/article/international/us-warns-china-against-imposing-south-china-sea-air-zone-113121700560_1.html

19http://www.thehindu.com/news/international/world/after-china-move-south-korea-expands-air-defence-zone/article5436921.ece

20http://www.thehindu.com/news/international/world/china-sets-up-air-defence-zone-over-disputed-east-china-sea/article5384122.ece

21http://www.thehindu.com/news/international/world/no-air-defence-zone-near-india-border/article5401571.ece

22http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/india-within-its-rights-to-explore-for-oil-in-south-china-sea-vietnam/article4905830.ece

23http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/vietnam-offers-india-seven-oil-blocks-in-south-china-sea/article5372744.ece

24http://www.thehindu.com/news/international/article2459736.ece

25http://thediplomat.com/2011/06/vietnam-eyes-foreign-help/

26http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/chinese-troops-apprehend-indians-in-chumar/article5463702.ece

27http://www.idsa.in/issuebrief/ChinasReactorSaletoPakistan_gbalachandran_151113

28http://www.idsa.in/idsacomments/TrackingthesourceofWeaponProvidersforNERebels_ngoswami_071113

29http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/chinese-presence-at-gwadar-port-is-a-matter-of-concern-antony/article4386103.ece

30http://www.idsa.in/idsacomments/CurrentChineseincursionLessonsfromSomdurongChuIncident_msingh_260413

31http://thediplomat.com/2011/09/indias-south-china-sea-warning/

32http://www.globaltimes.cn/content/832527.shtml#.UrKxctIW3Ul



Books/pdf

1http://www.securitychallenges.org.au/ArticlePDFs/vol6no3Brewster.pdf India sphere of Influence

2http://www.idsa.in/system/files/book_PakistanOccupiedKashmir.pdfPakistan Occupied Kashmir

3http://idsa.in/system/files/jds_7_3_ZDSingh.pdfIndias Geostrategy and China: Mackinder versus Mahan?

4http://www.idsa.in/jds/6_2_2012_ConflictandCooperationinIndiaChinaRelations_JKBaralConflicts and Cooperation India China relations

5India-China Relations A New Paradigm RUP NARAYAN DAS(IDSA)

6Critical Assessment of China'sVulnerabilities in Tibet Mandip- Singh(IDSA)

7Chinas Perception of Indias Look East Policy and Its Implications-Baladas Ghoshal

8China s Territorial Claim On Arunachal Pradesh Alternative Scenarios 2032-Namrata Goswami




Of all the topics I left one being Manmohans China visit and Chinese premier visit.I think someone else covered this earlier ,the controversy of Dam building by China and finally Japan India partnership countering china called Security diamond .I felt Security diamond would be better off in India Japan relations plus writing this by itself has been a herculean task for me.