The workhorse launcher of Indian space Research Organisation ISRO , the Polar satellite launch vehicle launched the spacecraft for the organisations maiden mission to mars in its updated and extended configuration PSLC-XL. It is the Indias first indigenous interplanetary mars mission with an orbiter craft designed to orbit Mars in an elliptical orbit.It is informally known as Mangalyaan mission. In Sanskrit it is known as mars craft. The Mars orbiter Mission probe was lifted off from the first launch pad at sriharikota Andhrapradesh . PSLV-C25 launched this Mars orbiter mission which was earlier used to launch Chandrayaan-1 and other satellites also. India is the first Asian country to lauch the mission and fourth in the world after the Soviet Union,the U.S and Europe. The mission is primarily technological mission considering the critical mission operations and stringent requirements on propulsion and other bus systems of spacecraft.
Launch Vehicle : PSLV C 25
Launch site & date : SHAR centre sriharikota, Andhrapradesh November 5th 2013
Total project cost : 454 crores
Thermal system: passive thermal control system
Lift off mass : 1337 kg
Mechanism: solar panel drive mechanism, reflector & solar panel deployment
Propulsion : Bi propellant system
Mission objectives
* Accordingly, the main stated objectives of the mission are to develop the technologies required for design, planning, management and operations of an interplanetary mission, including:
* Orbit manoeuvres to transfer the spacecraft from an earth-bound orbit into a heliocentric trajectory and finally enable its capture into a Martian orbit;
* Development of force models and algorithms for orbit and attitude computations and analyses;
* Deep-space communication and navigation in all phases;
* Maintaining the spacecraft in all phases of the mission by meeting power, communications, thermal and payload operation requirements; and,
* Incorporation of autonomous features to handle contingency situations.
Scientific Objectives:
* Exploration of the Martian surface by studying its features , morphology, topography and mineralogy and the Martian atmosphere (constituents such as methane and carbon dioxide) using indigenous scientific instruments; and
* Study of the dynamics of the upper atmosphere of Mars, effects of solar wind and radiation and the escape of volatiles to space.
Launching Vehicle PSLV C25
PSLV-C25, twenty fifth flight of PSLV launched Mars Orbiter Mission Spacecraft from the First Launch Pad at Satish Dhawan Space Centre SHAR, Sriharikota.The challenging PSLV-C25 mission is optimised for the launch of Mars Orbiter Mission spacecraft into a highly elliptical Earth orbit with a perigee (nearest point to Earth) of 250 km and an apogee (farthest point to Earth) of 23,500 km with an inclination of 19.2 degree with respect to the equator.
During the first three orbit raising operations, ISRO has progressively tested the autonomy functions of the spacecraft that are essential for trans-Mars injection and Mars orbit insertion
The systems tested satisfactorily are
* The prime and redundant chains of gyros & accelerometers.
* Liquid motor attitude control thrusters.
* Attitude, orbit control electronics and associated logics for their fault detection isolation & reconfiguration.
* Functioning of prime and redundant star sensor.
Trajectory Design of Mars orbiter Mission :
The mission consists of following three phases :
Geocentric Phase :
The spacecraft is injected into the Elliptical parking orbit by the launcher. It is gradually maneuvered into a departure hyperbolic trajectory with which it escapes from Earths sphere of influence with Earths orbital velocity with some acceleration. The Hohman transfer orbit method of travel is used to send spacecraft from Earth to mars using least amount of fuel.
Heliocentric Phase :
The spacecraft leaves the Earth in a direction tangential to Earths orbit and encounters mars tangential to its orbit.
Martian Phase:
The spacecraft arrives at the Mars sphere of influence in a hyperbolic trajectory. At the time the spacecraft reaches the closest approach to Mars it is captured into planned orbit around mars by imparting Mars orbit Insetion manoeuvre. In November 2013 ISRO plans to launch the Mars orbit mission utilising minimum energy transfer opportunity.
Payloads used in Mars orbiter Mission
Mars oribiter mission carries five scientific payloads to observe martian surface,atmosphere and exosphere extending upto 80000 km for a detailed understanding of evolution of planet and various processes associated with the mars planet.
1. Mars colour camera (MCC) :
* To moniter dynamic events and weather of Mars
* Used for probing two satellites of Mars : Phobos & Demos
2. Lyman Alpha photometer (LAP) :
* It measures relative abundance of deuterium and hydrogen in Martian upper atmosphere
* To understand the loss process of water from the planet
3. Methane sensor for Mars (MSM):
* Measures methane (CH4) in Martian atmosphere
* It acquires data over illuminated scene as the sensor measures reflected solar radiation.
4. Mars exospheric Neutral composition analyser (MENCA) :
* Analyses Neutral composition in Martian upper atmosphere
* Measure relative abundances of neutral constituents
5. Thermal Infrared Imaging spectrometer (TIS):
* Operates both during day and night
* Measures thermal emission
* Maps surface compostion and mineralogy of mars.
CONCLUSION:
ISRO has performed its task with impeccable ease. The criticism of the Mars mission is unwarranted. The quest to understand the space in India is as old as the Vedas. ISRO has revived the legacy by investing in and inventing advanced technology to explore space. The Mars mission is not a show off but a step towards understanding the universe. Studies have however shown that the country has more than recouped the money it invested in space. But those returns were not immediate and took many years, even decades, to materialise. It is difficult to predict all thebenifits that might accrue from something like the Mars mission, some of which may be intangible but nevertheless vital for the country in the long run. The successful launch of the Mars Orbitor mission is an outstanding achievement and a step in the right direction. Scientist and engineers of ISRO should be congratulated on completing the project in time. We hope and pray that the various milestones of the mission will be accomplished proving to the world that although we may lag behind in many social and economic standards, we are next to none in scientific talent.
AKULA SUDHAKAR
References:
* Frontline.in
* The hindu, Times of India
* ISRO.org
* www.planetary.org
Mars Orbiter Mission carries five scientific payloads to observe Martian surface, atmosphere and exosphere extending up to 80,000 km for a detailed understanding of the evolution of that planet, especially the related geologic and the possible biogenic processes on that interesting planet. These payloads consist of a camera, two spectrometers, a radiometer and a photometer. Together, they h
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Mars Orbiter Mission carries five scientific payloads to observe Martian surface, atmosphere and exosphere extending up to 80,000 km for a detailed understanding of the evolution of that planet, especially the related geologic and the possible biogenic processes on that interesting planet. These payloads consist of a camera, two spectrometers, a radiometer and a photometer. Together, they have a weight of about 15 kg.
Showing posts with label ISRO. Show all posts
Showing posts with label ISRO. Show all posts
Monday, January 13, 2014
Mars Orbiter Mission
What is it?
It is a mission to successfully send a spacecraft to orbit the Mars and study its various aspects.This mission was envisaged by ISRO in about 2010, on the backdrop of successful Chandrayaan mission and officially declared by the Prime Minister in his Independence Day speech in 2012.
The mission is called Mars Orbiter Mission, the spacecraft [the orbiter] is called Mangalyaan. The mission is essentially a "technology demonstrator" project aiming to develop the technologies required for design, planning, management and operations of an interplanetary mission.
The payloads on the craft and their various functions:
1. a colour camera for optical imaging of the martian surfacesurface
2. a methane sensor
3. a thermal infrared camera to study geological activity
4. a Lyman Alpha Photometer to study the Martian atmosphere
5. and a payload to study the neutral composition of the planets upper atmosphere
Out of all the above payloads, the methane sensor is considered to be the most important.
Why so much fuss about methane?
As we all know, methane is considered by many to be an important indicator of life. The thing is many scientists have claimed that there is methane on mars based on sat and telescope observations, but curiosity didnt discover any.
Also, there are reasons to believe it might have disappeared, either due to intense solar activity or some biological processes. Plus, methane can not confirm biological activity on mars, since it can also origin from geological formations, just like on earth. In short, there is too much of confusion related to the subject. And that is why most of the focus on the mission relates to methane.
The Launch:
Using the time trusted friend of ISRO - PSLV rockets. Since our GSLV programme, which can enable us to launch heavier rockets into higher orbits, is still stranded, PSLV was the best bet.
But since PSLV is not very powerful, ISRO first launched the craft into lower orbits, and plans to raise the orbiting radius with the help of thrusters, rockets fired to provide more speed to already revolving spacecraft. So in effect, the craft will revolve around the earth for some time and after some time when the orbital radius is increased to a level, will leave for mars, where it will reach sometime in September 2014, where one more thrust would be provided to get the craft into the martian orbit.
ISTRAC (ISRO Telemetry, Tracking and Command Network.) is ISROs tracking centre, which will communicate with the spacecraft, correct the course and command the spacecraft.
Major criticisms:
1. The most scathing attacks relate to the cost of the mission, considering the physical benefits it can bring for the nation. It is just a scientific experiment with little physical benefits in the near future, and it doesnt make sense for a developing nation with its huge socio-economic problems, including poverty to spend crores of rupees for something that looks like an expensive me-too mission.
2. The scond criticism is that it diverts attention away from the more critical failures of Indias space programmes. The GSLV programme is yet to take off positively. ISRO falls short of capacity to cater to the communication needs of our country. A few months ago, airtel had sued isro for not meeting its contract commitments to provide transponders on its satellites. Transponder is the equipment that facilitates communication and is required for providing DTH services, etc.
3. Not really a criticism but this mission is also viewed to be a manifestation of asian space race where asian powers like India, China and Japan are involved, and is thought to be needless given that India lags much behind in important economic parameters compared to the other two countries.
4. Also the timing of the launch is criticised. The mission was completed in haste, just 15 months and its urgency is questioned when we have other issues like the GSLV to attend to. But the reason for such hurry may be attributed to the fact that if we missed this opportunity, the next best opportunity to send a spacecraft to mars would arrive in 2016 only.
The Bright Side:
1. The first shoot off obviously is the international impression it creates. As stated earlier, this is largely a technology demonstrator project. But even Giants like the USA, Japan and China have failed to make it to the mars in first attempt. Only the ESA has succeded in its maiden attempt. Our space programme has been one of the best in the world, and this success would cement our position.
2. The international recognition could get us access to advanced research opportunities and bigger programmes. As the space research gets more and more complex, there is going to be need of international cooperation for bigger projects, and india will be a natural choice in such a scenario. for eg., many experts think that the manned mission to mars will be a collaboration of many countries.
3. The cost involved, which is missions most severe criticism by the sceptics is also the most positive takeaway from the mission. At just Rs. 450 crores, it is the cheapest ever mission to mars. This may be because of various reasons like, use of mostly indigenous technology and equipments, low salary of scientists, an economy that is vastly different from countries who have previously tried such missions. But this opens up a range of business opportunities in the sector, given that cost is becoming the most important consideratipons for the future missions. To put in perspective, NASAs MAVEN mission that took off few days after Mangalyaan, costs 6 times more. [But it must not be forgotten that the two missions are essentially different, with MAVEN carrying heavier loads and higher mission objectives.] It is for this reason that there are some who opine that Indias mission objective will be achieved even if it can just put its craft in the martian orbit.
4. These kind of missions may subsequently result in a snowballing effect in other sectors, resulting in significant spin-off technologies, i.e. technologies used in this mission could be used in other sectors. For example even NASA spin-offs have contributed to fields like computer technology, environment and agriculture, health and medicine, public safety, transportation, recreation, and industrial productivity.
5. Although this mission may seem irrelevant today, these things take time to have real impact. And the price of falling behind may be too much. This is summed up best by what the ISRO chairman said : if we do not do this, we will become stagnant
Conclusion:
It is true this mission alone does not make us the world space power. Although China has not been able to send its mission to Mars doesnt directly mean we are better than them. They have been able to send man to space, built a space station, etc. It is also true that there dont seem many physical benefits of this programme in the immediate future.
But it is unfair to question the need for superiority in one field when the other fields are lagging behind. We do need progress in other fields like primary education, infrastructure, health, etc. but that can not be the reason why we should not advance ahead in space technology. To be a global power, we need to be powerful in all the fields and Space Tech is one of the important ones.
Everything that we do is not to get material gains only. Humans have a greater urge to achieve something significant, for self actualisation. This programme signifies Indias aspiration to be a globally significant power. This can ignite a spark in our children, the future generation. And the greatest achievement of this mission will be realised if even some kids chose to pursue a career in science research and technology, inspired from ISROs success story. After all, mars is just a metaphor (
Reference:
* mostly from The Hindu, a line from Wikipedia, a few randon internet searches, and a lil bit of brainstorming. (
By:Manish Zole
* Im starting to hate books due to UPSC preparations, dont want any.
* THANK YOU VERY MUCH.
It is a mission to successfully send a spacecraft to orbit the Mars and study its various aspects.This mission was envisaged by ISRO in about 2010, on the backdrop of successful Chandrayaan mission and officially declared by the Prime Minister in his Independence Day speech in 2012.
The mission is called Mars Orbiter Mission, the spacecraft [the orbiter] is called Mangalyaan. The mission is essentially a "technology demonstrator" project aiming to develop the technologies required for design, planning, management and operations of an interplanetary mission.
The payloads on the craft and their various functions:
1. a colour camera for optical imaging of the martian surfacesurface
2. a methane sensor
3. a thermal infrared camera to study geological activity
4. a Lyman Alpha Photometer to study the Martian atmosphere
5. and a payload to study the neutral composition of the planets upper atmosphere
Out of all the above payloads, the methane sensor is considered to be the most important.
Why so much fuss about methane?
As we all know, methane is considered by many to be an important indicator of life. The thing is many scientists have claimed that there is methane on mars based on sat and telescope observations, but curiosity didnt discover any.
Also, there are reasons to believe it might have disappeared, either due to intense solar activity or some biological processes. Plus, methane can not confirm biological activity on mars, since it can also origin from geological formations, just like on earth. In short, there is too much of confusion related to the subject. And that is why most of the focus on the mission relates to methane.
The Launch:
Using the time trusted friend of ISRO - PSLV rockets. Since our GSLV programme, which can enable us to launch heavier rockets into higher orbits, is still stranded, PSLV was the best bet.
But since PSLV is not very powerful, ISRO first launched the craft into lower orbits, and plans to raise the orbiting radius with the help of thrusters, rockets fired to provide more speed to already revolving spacecraft. So in effect, the craft will revolve around the earth for some time and after some time when the orbital radius is increased to a level, will leave for mars, where it will reach sometime in September 2014, where one more thrust would be provided to get the craft into the martian orbit.
ISTRAC (ISRO Telemetry, Tracking and Command Network.) is ISROs tracking centre, which will communicate with the spacecraft, correct the course and command the spacecraft.
Major criticisms:
1. The most scathing attacks relate to the cost of the mission, considering the physical benefits it can bring for the nation. It is just a scientific experiment with little physical benefits in the near future, and it doesnt make sense for a developing nation with its huge socio-economic problems, including poverty to spend crores of rupees for something that looks like an expensive me-too mission.
2. The scond criticism is that it diverts attention away from the more critical failures of Indias space programmes. The GSLV programme is yet to take off positively. ISRO falls short of capacity to cater to the communication needs of our country. A few months ago, airtel had sued isro for not meeting its contract commitments to provide transponders on its satellites. Transponder is the equipment that facilitates communication and is required for providing DTH services, etc.
3. Not really a criticism but this mission is also viewed to be a manifestation of asian space race where asian powers like India, China and Japan are involved, and is thought to be needless given that India lags much behind in important economic parameters compared to the other two countries.
4. Also the timing of the launch is criticised. The mission was completed in haste, just 15 months and its urgency is questioned when we have other issues like the GSLV to attend to. But the reason for such hurry may be attributed to the fact that if we missed this opportunity, the next best opportunity to send a spacecraft to mars would arrive in 2016 only.
The Bright Side:
1. The first shoot off obviously is the international impression it creates. As stated earlier, this is largely a technology demonstrator project. But even Giants like the USA, Japan and China have failed to make it to the mars in first attempt. Only the ESA has succeded in its maiden attempt. Our space programme has been one of the best in the world, and this success would cement our position.
2. The international recognition could get us access to advanced research opportunities and bigger programmes. As the space research gets more and more complex, there is going to be need of international cooperation for bigger projects, and india will be a natural choice in such a scenario. for eg., many experts think that the manned mission to mars will be a collaboration of many countries.
3. The cost involved, which is missions most severe criticism by the sceptics is also the most positive takeaway from the mission. At just Rs. 450 crores, it is the cheapest ever mission to mars. This may be because of various reasons like, use of mostly indigenous technology and equipments, low salary of scientists, an economy that is vastly different from countries who have previously tried such missions. But this opens up a range of business opportunities in the sector, given that cost is becoming the most important consideratipons for the future missions. To put in perspective, NASAs MAVEN mission that took off few days after Mangalyaan, costs 6 times more. [But it must not be forgotten that the two missions are essentially different, with MAVEN carrying heavier loads and higher mission objectives.] It is for this reason that there are some who opine that Indias mission objective will be achieved even if it can just put its craft in the martian orbit.
4. These kind of missions may subsequently result in a snowballing effect in other sectors, resulting in significant spin-off technologies, i.e. technologies used in this mission could be used in other sectors. For example even NASA spin-offs have contributed to fields like computer technology, environment and agriculture, health and medicine, public safety, transportation, recreation, and industrial productivity.
5. Although this mission may seem irrelevant today, these things take time to have real impact. And the price of falling behind may be too much. This is summed up best by what the ISRO chairman said : if we do not do this, we will become stagnant
Conclusion:
It is true this mission alone does not make us the world space power. Although China has not been able to send its mission to Mars doesnt directly mean we are better than them. They have been able to send man to space, built a space station, etc. It is also true that there dont seem many physical benefits of this programme in the immediate future.
But it is unfair to question the need for superiority in one field when the other fields are lagging behind. We do need progress in other fields like primary education, infrastructure, health, etc. but that can not be the reason why we should not advance ahead in space technology. To be a global power, we need to be powerful in all the fields and Space Tech is one of the important ones.
Everything that we do is not to get material gains only. Humans have a greater urge to achieve something significant, for self actualisation. This programme signifies Indias aspiration to be a globally significant power. This can ignite a spark in our children, the future generation. And the greatest achievement of this mission will be realised if even some kids chose to pursue a career in science research and technology, inspired from ISROs success story. After all, mars is just a metaphor (
Reference:
* mostly from The Hindu, a line from Wikipedia, a few randon internet searches, and a lil bit of brainstorming. (
By:Manish Zole
* Im starting to hate books due to UPSC preparations, dont want any.
* THANK YOU VERY MUCH.
ISRO Mars Orbiter Mission (MOM)
ISRO Mars Orbiter Mission (MOM)
Launched by vehicle PSLV C25 (The XL version of PSLV C 25 had carried Chandrayaan 1, the country's maiden moon mission, in 2008.) at 2.38 PM from the spaceport here, about 100 km from Chennai.
India is all set to launch its Mars mission from the Indian Space and Research Organisation (ISRO) centre at Sriharikota on Tuesday. If it goes well, India will join the league of countries like America, Russia and Europe to undertake a successful Mars mission.
The important move by India is being watched by the world.
Here are some of the highlights of the Mars mission of India:
Distance to Mars: 400 million km
Duration of journey: 300 days
Launch time: 23 minutes as the rocket will be visible to ISRO through its own ground for this period.
Mars orbit insertion date: September 12, 2014
Next major date: November 30, when the aircraft will begin its journey to Mars. Before this date, it will continue to revolve around Earth
Cost of mission: Rs 450 crore
MISSION'S OBJECTIVES
# Orbit manoeuvres to ensure final capture into Martian orbit
# Development of force models and algorithms for orbit and attitude computations and analyses
# Maintain the probe in all phases of the mission, meeting power, communications, thermal and payload operation requirements
# Look for methane on Mars, for detection of life on the planet
EYE ON THE SKY
# During the launch, the Mangalyaan Mission will be tracked by two specially equippeed Shipping Corporation of India ships--Yamuna and Nalanda, positioned in the South Pacific Ocean.
# During its journey from Earth to Mars, the MarsOrbiter will be tracked using the Indian Deep Space Network at Baylalu on the outskirts of Bangalore and sea-borne S-band terminals.
# At the time of the Mars capture in September 2014, tracking and communication with the satelite will be done using the 70-metre antenna of NASA's deep space network at Canberra in Australia.
The Team
S K Shivakumar: The Director of the ISRO Satellite Centre, which built the Mars Orbiter and spacecraft. An engineer from the Indian Institute of Science, he was earlier the head of ISRO's telemetry, tracking and command network, ISTRAC.
Dr Mylswamy Annnadurai: The Programme Director of IRS & SSS (Indian Remote Sensing & Small, Science and Student Satellites) at ISRO, he was the project director of the Moon Mission and is overseeing the one to Mars as well.
P Kunhikrishnan: He is the Mission Director for the launcher. From the Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre in Thiruvananthapuram, Kunhikrishnan has seven successful PSLV launches under his belt since 2009.
S Arunan: The Project Director for the Mars Orbiter. For the senior scientist with the ISRO Satellite Centre, the Mars Mission is a maiden venture as Project Director. His team created the Mars Orbiter for ISRO in 12 months and is now bracing for sleepless nights as the mission approaches countdown.
Dr V Kesavaraju: The Mission Director for the post-launch operations. A team led by Dr Kesavaraju of the ISRO Satellite Centre will monitor the Mars Mission following its launch, including tracking it in outer space.
* The Mars Orbiter has five scientific instruments - Lyman Alpha Photometer (LAP), Methane Sensor for Mars (MSM), Mars Exospheric Neutral Composition Analyser (MENCA), Mars Colour Camera (MCC) and Thermal Infrared Imaging Spectrometer (TIS).
* European Space Agency (ESA) of the European consortium, National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) of the US and Roscosmos of Russia are the three agencies which have successfully sent their missions to the Red Planet.
Sumeet Mahendra
Source: Indian Express, PTI and The Hindu.
Launched by vehicle PSLV C25 (The XL version of PSLV C 25 had carried Chandrayaan 1, the country's maiden moon mission, in 2008.) at 2.38 PM from the spaceport here, about 100 km from Chennai.
India is all set to launch its Mars mission from the Indian Space and Research Organisation (ISRO) centre at Sriharikota on Tuesday. If it goes well, India will join the league of countries like America, Russia and Europe to undertake a successful Mars mission.
The important move by India is being watched by the world.
Here are some of the highlights of the Mars mission of India:
Distance to Mars: 400 million km
Duration of journey: 300 days
Launch time: 23 minutes as the rocket will be visible to ISRO through its own ground for this period.
Mars orbit insertion date: September 12, 2014
Next major date: November 30, when the aircraft will begin its journey to Mars. Before this date, it will continue to revolve around Earth
Cost of mission: Rs 450 crore
MISSION'S OBJECTIVES
# Orbit manoeuvres to ensure final capture into Martian orbit
# Development of force models and algorithms for orbit and attitude computations and analyses
# Maintain the probe in all phases of the mission, meeting power, communications, thermal and payload operation requirements
# Look for methane on Mars, for detection of life on the planet
EYE ON THE SKY
# During the launch, the Mangalyaan Mission will be tracked by two specially equippeed Shipping Corporation of India ships--Yamuna and Nalanda, positioned in the South Pacific Ocean.
# During its journey from Earth to Mars, the MarsOrbiter will be tracked using the Indian Deep Space Network at Baylalu on the outskirts of Bangalore and sea-borne S-band terminals.
# At the time of the Mars capture in September 2014, tracking and communication with the satelite will be done using the 70-metre antenna of NASA's deep space network at Canberra in Australia.
The Team
S K Shivakumar: The Director of the ISRO Satellite Centre, which built the Mars Orbiter and spacecraft. An engineer from the Indian Institute of Science, he was earlier the head of ISRO's telemetry, tracking and command network, ISTRAC.
Dr Mylswamy Annnadurai: The Programme Director of IRS & SSS (Indian Remote Sensing & Small, Science and Student Satellites) at ISRO, he was the project director of the Moon Mission and is overseeing the one to Mars as well.
P Kunhikrishnan: He is the Mission Director for the launcher. From the Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre in Thiruvananthapuram, Kunhikrishnan has seven successful PSLV launches under his belt since 2009.
S Arunan: The Project Director for the Mars Orbiter. For the senior scientist with the ISRO Satellite Centre, the Mars Mission is a maiden venture as Project Director. His team created the Mars Orbiter for ISRO in 12 months and is now bracing for sleepless nights as the mission approaches countdown.
Dr V Kesavaraju: The Mission Director for the post-launch operations. A team led by Dr Kesavaraju of the ISRO Satellite Centre will monitor the Mars Mission following its launch, including tracking it in outer space.
* The Mars Orbiter has five scientific instruments - Lyman Alpha Photometer (LAP), Methane Sensor for Mars (MSM), Mars Exospheric Neutral Composition Analyser (MENCA), Mars Colour Camera (MCC) and Thermal Infrared Imaging Spectrometer (TIS).
* European Space Agency (ESA) of the European consortium, National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) of the US and Roscosmos of Russia are the three agencies which have successfully sent their missions to the Red Planet.
Sumeet Mahendra
Source: Indian Express, PTI and The Hindu.
This article will covers most of general science syllabus as
This article will covers most of general science syllabus as per upsc main syllabus paper gs 3
upsc syallbus general science
* Awarness in the field of IT , Space , Computers , robotics , nano technology ,bio technology
and issues relating to intellectual property rights
* Achivements of indians in science and technology ; indigenization of technology and developing new technology
* Science and Technology developments and their applications and effects in every day life
The above syllabus of upsc for general science is vast so I tried to confine this article to upsc point of view i.e. by seeing gs papers from 1986-2012 that are posted by mrunal.
Space
Nine planets are : Mercury , Venus , Earth , Mars , Jupiter , Saturn , Uranus , Neptune
Mnemonic My Very Efficient Mother just showed us nine planet
Asteroids :- tiny bodies which also moves around the sun example ceres
meteroids :- small pieces of rocks that also revolves around sun
ISRO (indian space research organisation ) :- launches satellites for india
space commission formulates ploicies and programmes for isro .
Que State the importance of Antrix Corporation.
Ans Antrix Corporation is the Commercial branch of the ISRO. It sales scientific services related to the space technology and satellites in the international market earning valuable foreign currency for India.
Types of sattelite :-
1. Exploartion and Research Satellites :-Hubble space telescope , kepler(space craft) , Terra (satellite),Aqua (satellite) (EXPLAINED BELOW)
2. Communication Satellites :-includes telephone, television, radio, internet access, military, and probably more
3) Weather Satellites
4) Navigational Satellites:- Global Positioning System 5). Reconnaissance :-KH-9 Hexagon
Launch Vehicle
what is a launch vehicle ?
Launch Vehicles are used to transport and putsatellite or spacecrafts into space.
Satellite Launch Vehicle :- 4 stage launcher project by isro to develop technology needed to launch satellite
Augmented Satellite Launch Vehicle (ASLV) :- project to placefive-stage ASLV into low earth orbit in order to develop technology needed for payload to be placed in geostationery orbit .
Polar sattelite launch vehicle (PSLV) :- Expandable launch system for the purpose to develop indian remote sensing satellite .
Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle (GSLV) :- expandable launch system to develop its INSAT sattelite into geostationery orbit and to make india less dependent on foreign players . more powerful than PSLV.Requires a cryogenic engine.
A cryogenic engine is one that uses a cryogenic fuel or oxidiser, that is, its fuel or oxidiser (or both) is gases liquefied and stored at very low temperatures
Orbit
Geocentric Orbit :- Orbit around earth
Altitude classification of geocentric orbit
Low earth orbit :- upto 2000 m
medium earth orbit :- 2000 to geostationery orbit
geostationery orbit:- orbital time period equals to 24 hr , used for communication purposes , always appers to be at fixed point , type of equitorial orbit. So main advantage is that geostationery sattelite remains over same place and provide better service to a single country. If geostationery orbit is too much crowded then threat of collission between tracked satellite and large debris increases .
so what is an equitorial and polar orbit ?
In equitorial orbit satellite at any time remains above the equator of earth moving either east or west overhead , satellite launched as close to the equator as possible
polar orbits are inclined nearly 90 degree from the equator , launched from higher altitude
Que What is Integrated Guided Missile Development Program
Ans IGMDP is a ministry of defence programme for the research and developments of missiles for defence purposes and is managed by DRDO and ordinance factories board. Successfully ended in 2008
MISSILES DEVELOPED :-
1. Prithvi missile:- surface to surface short range missiles , range 150-300 km , 3 prithivi missile developed
2. Agni missile :- intercontinental and medium range missile, agni i-v developed and agni-vi is under development range upto 6000 km
3. Trishul Missile :- short range surface to air missile , range 9 km ,
4. Akash Missile :- medium range surface to air missile
5. Nag missile :- all weather missile , can fire upto 5-7 km
Que what is meant by a "stealth aircraft" ? mention two stealth technological techniques used in such an aircraft ?
ANS Stealth aircraft are used to avoid detection from radar , infrared emission. Compromise with speed and agility. Stealth technology is a combination of technology that prevents aircraft from detection . Technology employed are :-
1. Radar cross section reduction :- use of chaff, chaff is a radar counter measure in which an aircraft spreads a small pieces of aluminium or metallized glass fiber that results into swamps of radar screen.
2. Effective design of aircraft in order to minimize radar refelction
3) Radar Absorbent Material (RAM), often as paints, are used especially on the edges of metal surfaces.
Que Trace the progress of India's Space Research Programmes? What are its significant achievements?
Ans 1969 ISRO set up , 1975 1st aryabhata launched
Satellites
(Indian National Satellite System):- Geostationery satellites for communication ,meteorological , search and rescue operation . 10 satellites in service
IRS( Indian Remote Sensing ) :- Remote sensing is a technique to get infoemation of an object through analysis of data that are in form of electromagnetic radiations by special instruements that are not in physical contact with it. It is mostly used for surveying area to get millions of data from an object surface. It increses accuracy in measuring dimension of the object. Remote sensors include photographic camera,mechanical scanners and imaging radar system.11 satellites that can provide a better resolution of 1m .
Satellite Navigation
Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System (IRNSS) :- main aim is to access gps technology . It provides 2 types of services
1. Standard Positioning Service:- for civilian use
2. Restricted service :- for military persons
GAGAN (GPS Aided GEO Augmunted Navigation ) :- Implemented by isro and airport authority of india to carry out operation for safety of life .
Launch Vehicle
PSLV
GSLV
Satellite Applications
SatCom Applications
Remote Sensing Applications:- IRS data is used for various planning purposes like forest mapping ,urban planning , identifying mineral zones and much more
Village Resource Center's (VRC) :-skill development institue or experts provide education to rural areas through village resource center's
Que What are VSATs? What are they used for?
Ans Very Small Aperture Terminal is an earthbound station used in satellite communications of data, voice and video signals excluding broadcast television .It consisits of two parts Transceiver that is plcaed otdoor in direct line of sight of satellite and another device is placed indoors that interpret the signals such as a pc .
Que How does the development of Pinaka benefit India?
Ans Pinka, a multi-barrel rocket launcher weapon has proved India's Capability to develop Latest, Stage weapons. This System has 12 Solid Propellant rockets to give it higher capacity. Its tange is about 40 km. It can launch variety of warheads. The Pinka developed by the Armament Research and Development Establishment, Pune.Defence Research and Development Organisation developed it based on indigenous technology. This System has pushed India's missile programme. It can be situated near the border line to control strategic activities of neighbouring countries that may cause negative impact on Indian security concerns, by its influence on defence policy. Multi barrel system contributes to enlarged attack capacity.India's relations, especially with boundary joined countries have not been passing through a reliable and safe phase and so, the proof of India's capacity in scientific research and development will help control situations.
Lunar Eclipse:-occurs when Earth's shadow blocks the suns light i.e. sun , earth and moon are in a straight line which happens onlly once a month. So why not lunar eclipse every month because usually shadow of earth falls above or below the moon surface when it fall exactly on moon sarface then lunar eclipse occurs.
so lunar eclipse is visible only in that half portion of earth whish have night. It means you can not see lunar eclipse in day time. Lunar eclipse occurs only on that part of earth which have full moon night because Moon has to be behind Earth for full moon - that's when we see the biggest part of it . Another question arises that why moon appears to be red during lunar eclipse
its answer lies in dispersion of shorter wavelength in atmosphere only longer wavelength reaches us . If earth has no atmosphere then moon looks copletely black in eclipse.
Solar eclipse :-A Solar Eclipse occurs when the moon goes in front of the sun and blocks most of the sun's light from the earth. During a total eclipse all you can see from earth is a ring of light around the moon which is part of the sun the moon did not cover. It is dangerous to look at a solar eclipse directly, even if you have sun glasses or smoked glass. It is better to view solar eclipses through a pin hole projector.
Black hole:- A celestial body whose surface gravity is so strong that not even light can escape once trapped. a black hole is invisible So if light cannot escape, nothing else can.
Comet:-A comet is a small member of the solar system made up of rocky material held together by frozen gases When a comet approaches the sun its tail is following. When it moves away from the sun its tail is leading the comet.
Constellation :-A constellation is a group of stars visible within a particular region of the night sky. Some were named after animals and some mythological characters. Some Constellations can be viewed after sunset and before sunrise . you can't see constellations during the day because the sun's light is too bright to see star light.on equator you can view all the constellations in a year. On North or South Pole, you will only be able to see the part of the sky above you.
Phases of moon :- Throughout each month the moon will change from a crescent shape to a full moon. The stages in between are called phases. After seven days the moon will change from a crescent to a half moon. For the next seven days the moon will change from being a half moon to a full moon. The reason why it has full and half moons depends on how the sunlight reflects off of the surface of the moon and how much of it we can see. The shadow on the moon always goes from east to west. The line that divides the part we can see from the dark part is called the terminator.
Meteor
A meteoroid that burns up as it passes through the Earths atmosphere is known as a meteor. If youve ever looked up at the sky at night and seen a streak of light or shooting star what you are actually seeing is a meteor.
Meteorite
A meteoroid that survives falling through the Earths atmosphere and colliding with the Earths surface is known as a meteorite.
Que what is a quasars and pulsars ?
Ans A pulsar is a rapidly spinning neutron star the remnant of a supernova explosion. It has a powerful magnetic field, shooting out jets of radiation that sweep across space like lighthouse beams when they line up with Earth they appear as a rapidly repeating burst of light. A quasar is in fact a distant galaxy with a fluctuating blaze of light and other radiations coming from its central regions. The activity in these galaxies is caused by a giant black hole at their very heart, pulling in material from its surroundings, tearing it to shreds and heating it up to tremendous temperatures before swallowing it up.
Measuring instruements
1. Hydrometer Measuring the density or relative density of liquids. Based on
floatation principle.
2. Magnetron Produces microwave. Used in ovens.
3. Actinometer Used to measure intensity of electromagnetic radiation
4. Altimeter Aneroid barometer for measuring altitude.
5. Bolometer For measuring heat radiation
6. Dasymeter Measuring density of gas
7. Galvanometer Used for detecting small electric currents.
8. Gyroscope Determine orientation in aircraft, ships etc.
9. Katharometer Measuring thermal conductivity
10. Manometer Measuring the pressure of a gas.
11. Nethoscope Determining the speed of celestial bodies.
12. Rectifier Converts AC into DC.
13. Tonometer Measures pitch of sound
14. Venturimeter Measures rate of flow of fluids
15. Udometer Rain guage.
QUESTIONS THAT ARE ASKED LAST YEAR IN UPSC IN GENERAL SCIENCE
1. Copyright and Trade-mark
Copyright is one of the creative Intellectual Property Rights and protects creative or artistic works. Copyright applies on literative, music, art, painting, etc.
A Trademark is a type of intellectual property represented by a distinctive sign or indicator of some kind used by an individual, business organization or other legal entity to identify uniquely the source of its products or services to consumer.
2. TIFAC
Technology Information, Forecasting and Assessment Council (TIFAC) is an autonomous organization under the Department of Science and Technology, established in February 1988.
TIFAC aims to keep a technology watch on global trends, and formulating preferred technology options for India.
3. Aspartame
The artificial sweetener aspartame has been the subject of public controversy regarding its safety and the circumstances around its approval.
The US Food and Drug Administration states that the safety of aspartame is "clear cut".
4. Gene doping
Gene doping is defined by the World Anti-Doping Agency as "the non-therapeutic use of cells, genes, genetic elements, or of the modulation of gene-expression, having the capacity to improve athletic performance."
5. Sappan
Sappan Wood or East Indian real wood is a multipurpose tree. It is a small thorny spreading tree that up to 10m in height and the wood reaches 15-30 cm in diameter.
In India it is cultivated in gardens and nurseries as a live fence plants in parts of Tamil Nadu, Kerala, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh and West Bengal
6. IPCC Report on Global Warning:
Warming of the climate system is unequivocal, as is now evident from observations of increases in global average air and ocean temperature, widespread melting of snow and ice, and rising global mean sea level.
The report said man-made emissions of greenhouse gases can already be blamed for fewer cold days, hotter nights, heat waves, floods and heavy rains, devasting drought, and an increase in hurricane and tropical-storm strengths.
7.What is firewall?
It is a technique related to security regarding computers. It allows only those programs to the computer which are permitted and restrict any other unwanted command and data.
8.What is malware?
This software is made to harm any computer system. Computer users are unknown to the term malware and many a times they miSunderstand it with virus.
9.Discuss the missile technology initiatives undertaken by India.
(i) MPEG: Moving Picture Expert Group.
(ii) HTML : Hyper Text Markup Language.
(iii) ASCII : American Standard Code for Information Interchange.
10.What is Root Kit?
By Root kit a special program is directed which can destroy the whole operation system and it can steal information from a group.
11.What is computer architecture?
Computer architecture is a computer technique which helps in various areas and subjects related to designing.
12.What do you understand by a search engine in computer?
Internet search engines (eg Google, AltaVista) help users find web pages on a given subject. The search engines maintain databases of web sites and use programs (often referred to as "spiders" or "robots") to collect information, which is then indexed by the search engine.
13. Expand the following
(i) CAD: Computer Aided Design
(ii) CAM: Computer Aided Manufacturing
(iii) CIM: Computer Integrated Manufacturing
14.Explain what is Thin Film Memory in computers?
Thin film memory is a high-sped variation of core memory developed by Sperry Rand in a government-funded research project. Instead of threading individual ferrite cores on wires, a thin film (4 millionths of an inch thick) of iron- nickel alloy (called permalloy) was deposited as small dots (using a mask) on small glass plates, by vacuum evaporation techniques.
15.Write a short note on Artificial Intelligence.
A branch of computer science that studies how to endow computers with capabili:ties of human intelligence. For example, speech recognition is a problem being worked on by A1 scientists.
16.Who are called Hackers in computer world?
A hacker is someone who creates and modifies computer software and computer hardware, including computer programming, administration, and security-related items.
The term usually bears strong connotations, but may be either favorable or denigrating depending on cultural context (see the Hacker definition controversy). Common definitions include.
17.What do you understand by E- governance?
E-governance refers to the use of information and communications technologies to improve the efficiency, effectiveness, transparency and accountability of government.
18.What is URL?
URL stands for Uniform Resource Locator, the global address of documents and other resources on the World Wide Web.
19.What do the following stand for?
(i) CD-ROM: Compact Disk-Read Only Memory
(ii) USB: Universal Serial Bus.
(iii) ITES: Information Technology Enabled Services.
(iv) FORTRAN: Formula Translator.
20.What do understand by MP3?
An audio compression technology that is part of the MPEG-1 and MPEG2specifications.
21.What are cyber crimes? How are these protected?
Cyber crimes consists of specific crimes dealing with computers and networks (such as hacking) and the facilitation of traditional crime through the use of computer (child pornography, hate crimes, telemarketing/ internet fraud). Cyber crimes can be protected by passing stringent laws, developing security codes and use of digital signatures.
22. What is 'Sympathetic Haptics'?
Sympathetic Haptics:
Sympathetic Haptics uses a data glove to sense the pressure being applied by a user to every part of that user's hand and fingers. The system can then broadcast those feelings over the Internet to another user wearing the same type of glove.
23. What are special features of 'Linux'?
Features of Linux are:
(i) Full multitasking and 32-bit support
(ii) GNU software support
(iii) TCP/IP networking support
(iv) Virtual memory and shared libraries.
24. What is an operating system? List the basic services provided by an operating system.
The operating system is the first program loaded into the computer as it boots, and it remains in memory at pull times thereafter. This is responsible for allocating system resources, including memory, processor time, disk space and peripheral devices such as printers, modems and the monitor.
25. What is an 'Internet Worm? Explain DDoS.
When a worm gains access to a computer (usually by breaking into it over the internet) it launches a programme which searches for other internet locations, infecting them if it can. At no time does the worm need user assistance (accidental or not) in order to operate its programming. Moreover, the worm travels over the internet, so all machines attached to an infected machine are at risk of attack. DDOS- Distributed Denial of Service
26. What do the following stand for?
(i) POSsIX: Portable Operating System Interface.
(ii) EPROM: Erasable Programmable Read only Memory.
(iii) MODEM: Modulator-Demodulator.
(iv) COBOL: Common Business Oriented Language.
27. What is a digital camera?
A digital camera has no film but a server converts light into an image that can be stored on a computer or printed out on a desktop printer.
28. What is firewall in computer Language?
Firewall is the safety valve for the computer not allowing others to reach the converted programmes.
29. What is multimedia?
Multimedia uses audio, video, virtual reality technique, telephony etc. at the same time.
30. What do the following stand for?
(i) HTML: Hyper Text Markup Language.
(ii) FTP: File Transfer Protocol.
(iii) MFLOPS: Million Floating Points Option Per Second.
(iv) PLANIT: Planit website has won 5 web awards.
31. What is Piracy?
Piracy is duplicating the original one and selling it through black marketing.
32.What is "handshake" in computer language?
In computer language 'handshake' is the sequence of messages exchanged between two or more network devices to ensure transmission synchronisation.
33What is "Ethernet" and what is it used for?
A baseband LAN (Local Area Network) specification invented by Xerox Corporation and developed jointly by Xerox, Intel and Digital Equipment Corporation. Ethernet networks operate at 10 Mbps using CSMA/CD to run over coaxial cable. Ethernet is similar to a series of standards produced by IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers).
34.What is "digital signature" and what is it used for?
In business transaction, digital signature plays a function for digital documents. The increase in electronic commerce has made it a requirement. A digital signature system consists of two parts - a method of signing a document so that forgery is not possible, and a method of verifying that a signature was really generated by the person who it represents.
35.What do the following stand for?
(i) DRAM: Distributed Random Access Memory.
(ii) JPEG: Joint Photographic Expert's Group.
(iii) ASCII: American Standard Code for Information Interchange.
(iv) IMAP: Image Map.
36.What is a WAP-enabled phone?
WAP (Wireless Application Protocol)
is a technique used in telecommunication. In this technique a telephone is attached with a screen on which one see the image of the talking partner through this technique one can also access the WAP sites.
37.What are the prospects of CTBT?
If nuclear powers are ready to accept the national interest of other countries and willing to negotiate the terms, this CT&T would ensure the world peace even with nuclear powers.
38.Differentiate between Collective security and Cooperative security.
Collective security is for the Global concern including all the nations on common vital issues, i.e. environment space etc. Cooperative security is agreement between two or more nation in defence.
39.What do the following stand for?
(i) MARV: Multiple Airborne Re-entry Vehicles
(ii) MIRV: Multiple Independent targeted Re-entry Vehicles.
(iii) ICBM: Inter Continental Ballistic Missile.
40.Differentiate between Explosion and Implosion.
In explosion, energy is released by particles flowing outwards of the nucleus - i.e. Atom bomb. In implosion, energy is released by particles flowing inwards to the nucleus i.e. stars.
41.What does the 'clock speed' of a computer signify?
Clock speed refers to the rate of which the CPU clock operates. Measured in mhz or GHz. Faster the clock, faster the programme of operations.
42.What do the following stand for?
(i) HTP: Hypertext Transfer Protocol.
(ii) CPU: Central Processing Unit.
(iii) ROM: Read Only Memory.
(iv) BIOS: Basic Input Output System.
43.What are a modern and what is it used for?
Modern stands for modulator demodulator. This device links a computer system and a telephone line to facilitate data transmission at high speed between two computers.
44.What is spamming?
It refers to junk mails. They proliferate despite many efforts to reduce them. Term is used for unsoldated commercial mails.
45.How does a computer virus destroy data?
A computer virus is active software. It enters a computer and damages or destroys data by its program.
46.What is modern? What is it used for?
Modern stands for modulator demodulator telephone line to facilitate data transmission at high speed between two computers. It converts analog data to digital vice-versa.
47.What is CNG? How can it reduce air pollution?
Comprehensive Natural Gas. Reduces emission of carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxide and other pollutants, green house gases etc.
48.What is a computer virus? How does it infect systems?
Computer virus is a Software Programme which actively spreads and enters in computers to destroy or damage, data in the affected computers.
49.What do the following stand for?
(i)NISSAT: National Information System for Science and Technology.
(ii) GMRT: Giant Metre wave Radio Telescope.
(iii) INMAS: Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Allied Science.
50.Where are the following located?
(i) Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology :Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh.
(ii) Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research: Kakpakkam, Tamil Nadu.
(iii) Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre: Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala.
51.How do identical twins differ from each other genetically?
Identical twins are 'minor image' of each other in their genetic composition and so their habits reflect it. One becomes lefty and other right handed and soon.
52.Why are transgenic organisms important?
Transgenic Organisms are created with desired ability and quality. In agriculture, such plant is made drought proof, resistible to any disorder. Livestocks are brought up through this technique which yields more milk meat and wool.
53.State the importance of Antrix Corporation.
Antrix Corporation is the Commercial branch of the ISRO. It sales scientific services related to the space technology and satellites in the international market earning valuable foreign currency for India.
54.Why is Website getting popular?
Website is the location where information is kept in the Internet. They give us easily and quickly information access. So, they are very popular now-a-days.
55.What do the following stand for?
(i) C-DAC: Centre for Development of Advanced Computing
(ii) ICMR: Indian Council of Medical Research
(iii) TRAI: Telecom Regulatory Authority of India.
56.Give the functions of interferons.
Interferons increases immunity of our body by producing antibodies. They are anti-viral proteins.
57.What is the difference between E-mail and FAX?
E-mail is electronic-mail used to send message between two computers via internet while fax prints the message on a paper by fax machine.
58.What is centchroman?
A contraceptive formulation developed and used in India. Though it is not approved by FDA for sale in the U.S. yet, is supposedly does not have any of the negative side effect.
59.What is ultrasonography?
Using more than 20,000 Hz frequency rays an image of internal part of body is recorded for medical and surgical user. This technique is known as ultrasonography.
60.What do the following stand for?
(i) C-DOT: Centre for Development of Telematics.
(ii) CGCRI: Central Glass and Ceramic Research Institute.
(iii) INMAS: Institute of Nuclear medicine and Allied Science.
61.What is HIV? What does it cause?
HIV is Human Immuno deficiency Virus. It causes a disease Aids (Acquired Immuno Deficiency Syndrome) which weakens immunity system of body.
62.Why does a lunar eclipse occur only on a full moon?
Only on a full moon day, the Earth comes between the Sun and the Moon, which is necessary for a lunar eclipse.
63.Where are the following located? (Give the name of the city and state)
(i) Central Drug Research Institute: Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh.
(ii) Space Application Centre: Ahmedabad, Gujarat.
(iii) Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research: Kalpakkam, Tamil Nadu.
Rohit Garwal
upsc syallbus general science
* Awarness in the field of IT , Space , Computers , robotics , nano technology ,bio technology
and issues relating to intellectual property rights
* Achivements of indians in science and technology ; indigenization of technology and developing new technology
* Science and Technology developments and their applications and effects in every day life
The above syllabus of upsc for general science is vast so I tried to confine this article to upsc point of view i.e. by seeing gs papers from 1986-2012 that are posted by mrunal.
Space
Nine planets are : Mercury , Venus , Earth , Mars , Jupiter , Saturn , Uranus , Neptune
Mnemonic My Very Efficient Mother just showed us nine planet
Asteroids :- tiny bodies which also moves around the sun example ceres
meteroids :- small pieces of rocks that also revolves around sun
ISRO (indian space research organisation ) :- launches satellites for india
space commission formulates ploicies and programmes for isro .
Que State the importance of Antrix Corporation.
Ans Antrix Corporation is the Commercial branch of the ISRO. It sales scientific services related to the space technology and satellites in the international market earning valuable foreign currency for India.
Types of sattelite :-
1. Exploartion and Research Satellites :-Hubble space telescope , kepler(space craft) , Terra (satellite),Aqua (satellite) (EXPLAINED BELOW)
2. Communication Satellites :-includes telephone, television, radio, internet access, military, and probably more
3) Weather Satellites
4) Navigational Satellites:- Global Positioning System 5). Reconnaissance :-KH-9 Hexagon
Launch Vehicle
what is a launch vehicle ?
Launch Vehicles are used to transport and putsatellite or spacecrafts into space.
Satellite Launch Vehicle :- 4 stage launcher project by isro to develop technology needed to launch satellite
Augmented Satellite Launch Vehicle (ASLV) :- project to placefive-stage ASLV into low earth orbit in order to develop technology needed for payload to be placed in geostationery orbit .
Polar sattelite launch vehicle (PSLV) :- Expandable launch system for the purpose to develop indian remote sensing satellite .
Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle (GSLV) :- expandable launch system to develop its INSAT sattelite into geostationery orbit and to make india less dependent on foreign players . more powerful than PSLV.Requires a cryogenic engine.
A cryogenic engine is one that uses a cryogenic fuel or oxidiser, that is, its fuel or oxidiser (or both) is gases liquefied and stored at very low temperatures
Orbit
Geocentric Orbit :- Orbit around earth
Altitude classification of geocentric orbit
Low earth orbit :- upto 2000 m
medium earth orbit :- 2000 to geostationery orbit
geostationery orbit:- orbital time period equals to 24 hr , used for communication purposes , always appers to be at fixed point , type of equitorial orbit. So main advantage is that geostationery sattelite remains over same place and provide better service to a single country. If geostationery orbit is too much crowded then threat of collission between tracked satellite and large debris increases .
so what is an equitorial and polar orbit ?
In equitorial orbit satellite at any time remains above the equator of earth moving either east or west overhead , satellite launched as close to the equator as possible
polar orbits are inclined nearly 90 degree from the equator , launched from higher altitude
Que What is Integrated Guided Missile Development Program
Ans IGMDP is a ministry of defence programme for the research and developments of missiles for defence purposes and is managed by DRDO and ordinance factories board. Successfully ended in 2008
MISSILES DEVELOPED :-
1. Prithvi missile:- surface to surface short range missiles , range 150-300 km , 3 prithivi missile developed
2. Agni missile :- intercontinental and medium range missile, agni i-v developed and agni-vi is under development range upto 6000 km
3. Trishul Missile :- short range surface to air missile , range 9 km ,
4. Akash Missile :- medium range surface to air missile
5. Nag missile :- all weather missile , can fire upto 5-7 km
Que what is meant by a "stealth aircraft" ? mention two stealth technological techniques used in such an aircraft ?
ANS Stealth aircraft are used to avoid detection from radar , infrared emission. Compromise with speed and agility. Stealth technology is a combination of technology that prevents aircraft from detection . Technology employed are :-
1. Radar cross section reduction :- use of chaff, chaff is a radar counter measure in which an aircraft spreads a small pieces of aluminium or metallized glass fiber that results into swamps of radar screen.
2. Effective design of aircraft in order to minimize radar refelction
3) Radar Absorbent Material (RAM), often as paints, are used especially on the edges of metal surfaces.
Que Trace the progress of India's Space Research Programmes? What are its significant achievements?
Ans 1969 ISRO set up , 1975 1st aryabhata launched
Satellites
(Indian National Satellite System):- Geostationery satellites for communication ,meteorological , search and rescue operation . 10 satellites in service
IRS( Indian Remote Sensing ) :- Remote sensing is a technique to get infoemation of an object through analysis of data that are in form of electromagnetic radiations by special instruements that are not in physical contact with it. It is mostly used for surveying area to get millions of data from an object surface. It increses accuracy in measuring dimension of the object. Remote sensors include photographic camera,mechanical scanners and imaging radar system.11 satellites that can provide a better resolution of 1m .
Satellite Navigation
Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System (IRNSS) :- main aim is to access gps technology . It provides 2 types of services
1. Standard Positioning Service:- for civilian use
2. Restricted service :- for military persons
GAGAN (GPS Aided GEO Augmunted Navigation ) :- Implemented by isro and airport authority of india to carry out operation for safety of life .
Launch Vehicle
PSLV
GSLV
Satellite Applications
SatCom Applications
Remote Sensing Applications:- IRS data is used for various planning purposes like forest mapping ,urban planning , identifying mineral zones and much more
Village Resource Center's (VRC) :-skill development institue or experts provide education to rural areas through village resource center's
Que What are VSATs? What are they used for?
Ans Very Small Aperture Terminal is an earthbound station used in satellite communications of data, voice and video signals excluding broadcast television .It consisits of two parts Transceiver that is plcaed otdoor in direct line of sight of satellite and another device is placed indoors that interpret the signals such as a pc .
Que How does the development of Pinaka benefit India?
Ans Pinka, a multi-barrel rocket launcher weapon has proved India's Capability to develop Latest, Stage weapons. This System has 12 Solid Propellant rockets to give it higher capacity. Its tange is about 40 km. It can launch variety of warheads. The Pinka developed by the Armament Research and Development Establishment, Pune.Defence Research and Development Organisation developed it based on indigenous technology. This System has pushed India's missile programme. It can be situated near the border line to control strategic activities of neighbouring countries that may cause negative impact on Indian security concerns, by its influence on defence policy. Multi barrel system contributes to enlarged attack capacity.India's relations, especially with boundary joined countries have not been passing through a reliable and safe phase and so, the proof of India's capacity in scientific research and development will help control situations.
Lunar Eclipse:-occurs when Earth's shadow blocks the suns light i.e. sun , earth and moon are in a straight line which happens onlly once a month. So why not lunar eclipse every month because usually shadow of earth falls above or below the moon surface when it fall exactly on moon sarface then lunar eclipse occurs.
so lunar eclipse is visible only in that half portion of earth whish have night. It means you can not see lunar eclipse in day time. Lunar eclipse occurs only on that part of earth which have full moon night because Moon has to be behind Earth for full moon - that's when we see the biggest part of it . Another question arises that why moon appears to be red during lunar eclipse
its answer lies in dispersion of shorter wavelength in atmosphere only longer wavelength reaches us . If earth has no atmosphere then moon looks copletely black in eclipse.
Solar eclipse :-A Solar Eclipse occurs when the moon goes in front of the sun and blocks most of the sun's light from the earth. During a total eclipse all you can see from earth is a ring of light around the moon which is part of the sun the moon did not cover. It is dangerous to look at a solar eclipse directly, even if you have sun glasses or smoked glass. It is better to view solar eclipses through a pin hole projector.
Black hole:- A celestial body whose surface gravity is so strong that not even light can escape once trapped. a black hole is invisible So if light cannot escape, nothing else can.
Comet:-A comet is a small member of the solar system made up of rocky material held together by frozen gases When a comet approaches the sun its tail is following. When it moves away from the sun its tail is leading the comet.
Constellation :-A constellation is a group of stars visible within a particular region of the night sky. Some were named after animals and some mythological characters. Some Constellations can be viewed after sunset and before sunrise . you can't see constellations during the day because the sun's light is too bright to see star light.on equator you can view all the constellations in a year. On North or South Pole, you will only be able to see the part of the sky above you.
Phases of moon :- Throughout each month the moon will change from a crescent shape to a full moon. The stages in between are called phases. After seven days the moon will change from a crescent to a half moon. For the next seven days the moon will change from being a half moon to a full moon. The reason why it has full and half moons depends on how the sunlight reflects off of the surface of the moon and how much of it we can see. The shadow on the moon always goes from east to west. The line that divides the part we can see from the dark part is called the terminator.
Meteor
A meteoroid that burns up as it passes through the Earths atmosphere is known as a meteor. If youve ever looked up at the sky at night and seen a streak of light or shooting star what you are actually seeing is a meteor.
Meteorite
A meteoroid that survives falling through the Earths atmosphere and colliding with the Earths surface is known as a meteorite.
Que what is a quasars and pulsars ?
Ans A pulsar is a rapidly spinning neutron star the remnant of a supernova explosion. It has a powerful magnetic field, shooting out jets of radiation that sweep across space like lighthouse beams when they line up with Earth they appear as a rapidly repeating burst of light. A quasar is in fact a distant galaxy with a fluctuating blaze of light and other radiations coming from its central regions. The activity in these galaxies is caused by a giant black hole at their very heart, pulling in material from its surroundings, tearing it to shreds and heating it up to tremendous temperatures before swallowing it up.
Measuring instruements
1. Hydrometer Measuring the density or relative density of liquids. Based on
floatation principle.
2. Magnetron Produces microwave. Used in ovens.
3. Actinometer Used to measure intensity of electromagnetic radiation
4. Altimeter Aneroid barometer for measuring altitude.
5. Bolometer For measuring heat radiation
6. Dasymeter Measuring density of gas
7. Galvanometer Used for detecting small electric currents.
8. Gyroscope Determine orientation in aircraft, ships etc.
9. Katharometer Measuring thermal conductivity
10. Manometer Measuring the pressure of a gas.
11. Nethoscope Determining the speed of celestial bodies.
12. Rectifier Converts AC into DC.
13. Tonometer Measures pitch of sound
14. Venturimeter Measures rate of flow of fluids
15. Udometer Rain guage.
QUESTIONS THAT ARE ASKED LAST YEAR IN UPSC IN GENERAL SCIENCE
1. Copyright and Trade-mark
Copyright is one of the creative Intellectual Property Rights and protects creative or artistic works. Copyright applies on literative, music, art, painting, etc.
A Trademark is a type of intellectual property represented by a distinctive sign or indicator of some kind used by an individual, business organization or other legal entity to identify uniquely the source of its products or services to consumer.
2. TIFAC
Technology Information, Forecasting and Assessment Council (TIFAC) is an autonomous organization under the Department of Science and Technology, established in February 1988.
TIFAC aims to keep a technology watch on global trends, and formulating preferred technology options for India.
3. Aspartame
The artificial sweetener aspartame has been the subject of public controversy regarding its safety and the circumstances around its approval.
The US Food and Drug Administration states that the safety of aspartame is "clear cut".
4. Gene doping
Gene doping is defined by the World Anti-Doping Agency as "the non-therapeutic use of cells, genes, genetic elements, or of the modulation of gene-expression, having the capacity to improve athletic performance."
5. Sappan
Sappan Wood or East Indian real wood is a multipurpose tree. It is a small thorny spreading tree that up to 10m in height and the wood reaches 15-30 cm in diameter.
In India it is cultivated in gardens and nurseries as a live fence plants in parts of Tamil Nadu, Kerala, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh and West Bengal
6. IPCC Report on Global Warning:
Warming of the climate system is unequivocal, as is now evident from observations of increases in global average air and ocean temperature, widespread melting of snow and ice, and rising global mean sea level.
The report said man-made emissions of greenhouse gases can already be blamed for fewer cold days, hotter nights, heat waves, floods and heavy rains, devasting drought, and an increase in hurricane and tropical-storm strengths.
7.What is firewall?
It is a technique related to security regarding computers. It allows only those programs to the computer which are permitted and restrict any other unwanted command and data.
8.What is malware?
This software is made to harm any computer system. Computer users are unknown to the term malware and many a times they miSunderstand it with virus.
9.Discuss the missile technology initiatives undertaken by India.
(i) MPEG: Moving Picture Expert Group.
(ii) HTML : Hyper Text Markup Language.
(iii) ASCII : American Standard Code for Information Interchange.
10.What is Root Kit?
By Root kit a special program is directed which can destroy the whole operation system and it can steal information from a group.
11.What is computer architecture?
Computer architecture is a computer technique which helps in various areas and subjects related to designing.
12.What do you understand by a search engine in computer?
Internet search engines (eg Google, AltaVista) help users find web pages on a given subject. The search engines maintain databases of web sites and use programs (often referred to as "spiders" or "robots") to collect information, which is then indexed by the search engine.
13. Expand the following
(i) CAD: Computer Aided Design
(ii) CAM: Computer Aided Manufacturing
(iii) CIM: Computer Integrated Manufacturing
14.Explain what is Thin Film Memory in computers?
Thin film memory is a high-sped variation of core memory developed by Sperry Rand in a government-funded research project. Instead of threading individual ferrite cores on wires, a thin film (4 millionths of an inch thick) of iron- nickel alloy (called permalloy) was deposited as small dots (using a mask) on small glass plates, by vacuum evaporation techniques.
15.Write a short note on Artificial Intelligence.
A branch of computer science that studies how to endow computers with capabili:ties of human intelligence. For example, speech recognition is a problem being worked on by A1 scientists.
16.Who are called Hackers in computer world?
A hacker is someone who creates and modifies computer software and computer hardware, including computer programming, administration, and security-related items.
The term usually bears strong connotations, but may be either favorable or denigrating depending on cultural context (see the Hacker definition controversy). Common definitions include.
17.What do you understand by E- governance?
E-governance refers to the use of information and communications technologies to improve the efficiency, effectiveness, transparency and accountability of government.
18.What is URL?
URL stands for Uniform Resource Locator, the global address of documents and other resources on the World Wide Web.
19.What do the following stand for?
(i) CD-ROM: Compact Disk-Read Only Memory
(ii) USB: Universal Serial Bus.
(iii) ITES: Information Technology Enabled Services.
(iv) FORTRAN: Formula Translator.
20.What do understand by MP3?
An audio compression technology that is part of the MPEG-1 and MPEG2specifications.
21.What are cyber crimes? How are these protected?
Cyber crimes consists of specific crimes dealing with computers and networks (such as hacking) and the facilitation of traditional crime through the use of computer (child pornography, hate crimes, telemarketing/ internet fraud). Cyber crimes can be protected by passing stringent laws, developing security codes and use of digital signatures.
22. What is 'Sympathetic Haptics'?
Sympathetic Haptics:
Sympathetic Haptics uses a data glove to sense the pressure being applied by a user to every part of that user's hand and fingers. The system can then broadcast those feelings over the Internet to another user wearing the same type of glove.
23. What are special features of 'Linux'?
Features of Linux are:
(i) Full multitasking and 32-bit support
(ii) GNU software support
(iii) TCP/IP networking support
(iv) Virtual memory and shared libraries.
24. What is an operating system? List the basic services provided by an operating system.
The operating system is the first program loaded into the computer as it boots, and it remains in memory at pull times thereafter. This is responsible for allocating system resources, including memory, processor time, disk space and peripheral devices such as printers, modems and the monitor.
25. What is an 'Internet Worm? Explain DDoS.
When a worm gains access to a computer (usually by breaking into it over the internet) it launches a programme which searches for other internet locations, infecting them if it can. At no time does the worm need user assistance (accidental or not) in order to operate its programming. Moreover, the worm travels over the internet, so all machines attached to an infected machine are at risk of attack. DDOS- Distributed Denial of Service
26. What do the following stand for?
(i) POSsIX: Portable Operating System Interface.
(ii) EPROM: Erasable Programmable Read only Memory.
(iii) MODEM: Modulator-Demodulator.
(iv) COBOL: Common Business Oriented Language.
27. What is a digital camera?
A digital camera has no film but a server converts light into an image that can be stored on a computer or printed out on a desktop printer.
28. What is firewall in computer Language?
Firewall is the safety valve for the computer not allowing others to reach the converted programmes.
29. What is multimedia?
Multimedia uses audio, video, virtual reality technique, telephony etc. at the same time.
30. What do the following stand for?
(i) HTML: Hyper Text Markup Language.
(ii) FTP: File Transfer Protocol.
(iii) MFLOPS: Million Floating Points Option Per Second.
(iv) PLANIT: Planit website has won 5 web awards.
31. What is Piracy?
Piracy is duplicating the original one and selling it through black marketing.
32.What is "handshake" in computer language?
In computer language 'handshake' is the sequence of messages exchanged between two or more network devices to ensure transmission synchronisation.
33What is "Ethernet" and what is it used for?
A baseband LAN (Local Area Network) specification invented by Xerox Corporation and developed jointly by Xerox, Intel and Digital Equipment Corporation. Ethernet networks operate at 10 Mbps using CSMA/CD to run over coaxial cable. Ethernet is similar to a series of standards produced by IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers).
34.What is "digital signature" and what is it used for?
In business transaction, digital signature plays a function for digital documents. The increase in electronic commerce has made it a requirement. A digital signature system consists of two parts - a method of signing a document so that forgery is not possible, and a method of verifying that a signature was really generated by the person who it represents.
35.What do the following stand for?
(i) DRAM: Distributed Random Access Memory.
(ii) JPEG: Joint Photographic Expert's Group.
(iii) ASCII: American Standard Code for Information Interchange.
(iv) IMAP: Image Map.
36.What is a WAP-enabled phone?
WAP (Wireless Application Protocol)
is a technique used in telecommunication. In this technique a telephone is attached with a screen on which one see the image of the talking partner through this technique one can also access the WAP sites.
37.What are the prospects of CTBT?
If nuclear powers are ready to accept the national interest of other countries and willing to negotiate the terms, this CT&T would ensure the world peace even with nuclear powers.
38.Differentiate between Collective security and Cooperative security.
Collective security is for the Global concern including all the nations on common vital issues, i.e. environment space etc. Cooperative security is agreement between two or more nation in defence.
39.What do the following stand for?
(i) MARV: Multiple Airborne Re-entry Vehicles
(ii) MIRV: Multiple Independent targeted Re-entry Vehicles.
(iii) ICBM: Inter Continental Ballistic Missile.
40.Differentiate between Explosion and Implosion.
In explosion, energy is released by particles flowing outwards of the nucleus - i.e. Atom bomb. In implosion, energy is released by particles flowing inwards to the nucleus i.e. stars.
41.What does the 'clock speed' of a computer signify?
Clock speed refers to the rate of which the CPU clock operates. Measured in mhz or GHz. Faster the clock, faster the programme of operations.
42.What do the following stand for?
(i) HTP: Hypertext Transfer Protocol.
(ii) CPU: Central Processing Unit.
(iii) ROM: Read Only Memory.
(iv) BIOS: Basic Input Output System.
43.What are a modern and what is it used for?
Modern stands for modulator demodulator. This device links a computer system and a telephone line to facilitate data transmission at high speed between two computers.
44.What is spamming?
It refers to junk mails. They proliferate despite many efforts to reduce them. Term is used for unsoldated commercial mails.
45.How does a computer virus destroy data?
A computer virus is active software. It enters a computer and damages or destroys data by its program.
46.What is modern? What is it used for?
Modern stands for modulator demodulator telephone line to facilitate data transmission at high speed between two computers. It converts analog data to digital vice-versa.
47.What is CNG? How can it reduce air pollution?
Comprehensive Natural Gas. Reduces emission of carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxide and other pollutants, green house gases etc.
48.What is a computer virus? How does it infect systems?
Computer virus is a Software Programme which actively spreads and enters in computers to destroy or damage, data in the affected computers.
49.What do the following stand for?
(i)NISSAT: National Information System for Science and Technology.
(ii) GMRT: Giant Metre wave Radio Telescope.
(iii) INMAS: Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Allied Science.
50.Where are the following located?
(i) Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology :Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh.
(ii) Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research: Kakpakkam, Tamil Nadu.
(iii) Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre: Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala.
51.How do identical twins differ from each other genetically?
Identical twins are 'minor image' of each other in their genetic composition and so their habits reflect it. One becomes lefty and other right handed and soon.
52.Why are transgenic organisms important?
Transgenic Organisms are created with desired ability and quality. In agriculture, such plant is made drought proof, resistible to any disorder. Livestocks are brought up through this technique which yields more milk meat and wool.
53.State the importance of Antrix Corporation.
Antrix Corporation is the Commercial branch of the ISRO. It sales scientific services related to the space technology and satellites in the international market earning valuable foreign currency for India.
54.Why is Website getting popular?
Website is the location where information is kept in the Internet. They give us easily and quickly information access. So, they are very popular now-a-days.
55.What do the following stand for?
(i) C-DAC: Centre for Development of Advanced Computing
(ii) ICMR: Indian Council of Medical Research
(iii) TRAI: Telecom Regulatory Authority of India.
56.Give the functions of interferons.
Interferons increases immunity of our body by producing antibodies. They are anti-viral proteins.
57.What is the difference between E-mail and FAX?
E-mail is electronic-mail used to send message between two computers via internet while fax prints the message on a paper by fax machine.
58.What is centchroman?
A contraceptive formulation developed and used in India. Though it is not approved by FDA for sale in the U.S. yet, is supposedly does not have any of the negative side effect.
59.What is ultrasonography?
Using more than 20,000 Hz frequency rays an image of internal part of body is recorded for medical and surgical user. This technique is known as ultrasonography.
60.What do the following stand for?
(i) C-DOT: Centre for Development of Telematics.
(ii) CGCRI: Central Glass and Ceramic Research Institute.
(iii) INMAS: Institute of Nuclear medicine and Allied Science.
61.What is HIV? What does it cause?
HIV is Human Immuno deficiency Virus. It causes a disease Aids (Acquired Immuno Deficiency Syndrome) which weakens immunity system of body.
62.Why does a lunar eclipse occur only on a full moon?
Only on a full moon day, the Earth comes between the Sun and the Moon, which is necessary for a lunar eclipse.
63.Where are the following located? (Give the name of the city and state)
(i) Central Drug Research Institute: Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh.
(ii) Space Application Centre: Ahmedabad, Gujarat.
(iii) Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research: Kalpakkam, Tamil Nadu.
Rohit Garwal
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