Psychology for UPSC Mains, An Analysis of 2013s Paper

Psychology for UPSC Mains, An Analysis of 2013s Paper
By Swagata Tarafdar
Paper 1
Similar structure of the question paper like last year. Question no. 1 and 5 compulsory, 5 questions in Question no. 1 and 5 each, each will have to be answered in not more than 150 words. Three are to be attempted choosing at least one from each section. Here also, each question will have to be answered either in not more than 2503=750 words, or in not more than 4002=800 words, just like previous years Question paper.
One question is of similar nature compared to the question paper of 2012:
In 2012, UPSC asked: Evaluate various factors which influence intrinsic motivation.
In 2013, UPSC asked: What is intrinsic motivation? Why it gets reduced if the person gets external rewind for undertaking a task that he or she loves?
Now, a topic-wise comparison of the question paper with the previous years question paper:

20132012

Few questions from the topics Methods of Psychology and Research Methods:Ethnocentrism, effect size and statistical power, observation and dimensions of participation in observational research.Too many questions from these seemingly difficult topics:Question writing in survey research, sampling error and error in sampling, t-test, IRT, McCrary Hunter invariance hypothesis.

Few straight questions from the topic Development of Human Behaviour. How do genes affect development?developmental challenges faced by adolescents in the cognitive and social domains, which is very much similar to the question asked in 2011, role of parenting style, peer group and media in identity formation during adolescence.Bowlby and Anisworth researches, which requires in-depth study of the topic.Vygotsky asked for the first time in UPSC.Epigenetic model only in short questions.

From the topic Learning, Reinforcement schedulesReinforcement topic was asked in 2012 too:Primary and secondary reinforcements.

From the topic Memory, Factor that contribute to the encoding of information into LTM, like the question asked in 2011, How the principles of encoding help enhancing the use of mnemonic devices?Modal model of STM.Comparison of Sterlings and Neissers experiments in sensory memory.

From the topic Emotion,Role of left and right hemispheres in emotion asked for the first time in UPSC.Direct questions from the same topic,Measurement of emotion, effect of emotion on behavior, facial expression of emotion.


Now, the lists of books, materials and websites that will help in Psychology Paper-1:

1. NCERT Psychology Textbooks of classes XI and XII.

2. Introduction to Psychology: Morgan & King

3. Psychology: Robert A. Baron

4. Introduction to Psychology: Hilgard, Atkinson, Atkinson

5. General Psychology: S K Mangal

6. Psychology: The Study of Human Behaviour: B K Mishra

7. E-gyankosh

8. www.numerons.in

9. List of important topics in Psychology by Ghamshyam Thori, IAS: http://www.scribd.com/doc/181922844/Chapterwise-Important-Topics-in-Psychology-pdf
Next, I have done a detailed question-wise analysis of the question paper and the relevant references that need to be followed to answer the questions.
Question 1: Answer the following, each in not more than 150 words. 105=50 marks

1. Critically evaluate the cognitive approach to the study of psychological phenomena.
Can be answered from NCERTs class XI textbook of Psychology. The first chapter What is Psychology? discusses this topic under the headings of The Cognitive Revolution and Cognitive Approach. Sufficient content to write 150 words. Present in Morgan & Kings book also in the first chapter What Psychology is Like.

1. What is ethnocentrism? How is it reflected in psychological research?
Havent found satisfactory answer to this question in any standard book of psychology. However, you can follow the following link to get an answer to this question:
www.cambridge.org/us/download_file/158730
jocelynwells.files.wordpress.com/2012/03/ethnocentrism-worksheet.doc

1. What factors contribute to the encoding of information into LTM?
Can be answered by a thorough reading of Morgan & Kings chapter on Memory.

1. How do genes affect development?
Can be answered from S K Mangals book. This topic is present in the chapter on Heredity and Environment under the heading The role of genes in sufficient detail to write 150 words on the topic.

1. Describe different reinforcement schedules and indicate their effects on the strength of learning.
Discussed in Barons Psychology in detail with diagrams.
Question 2: Answer each in not more than 250 words :15+20+15

1. What do you understand by effect size and statistical power? Explain their significance.
Havent found in standard book on psychology. You can listen to the lecture on this topic by clicking the following link:
http://www.nyu.edu/academics/open-education/coursesnew/stats-behavior-science/Stats-Behav-Science-lecture10.html
This link is also very useful:
http://books.google.co.in/books?id=ShmNdm0bwJsC&pg=PT215&lpg=PT215&dq=effect+size+and+statistical+power+in+psychology+statistics&source=bl&ots=erxGptLFld&sig=8Ty8TyivhfUXVIAEhRG16ihSG20&hl=en&sa=X&ei=Ku-2UqHDH8bMrQex5oCQBg&ved=0CFIQ6AEwBg#v=onepage&q=effect%20size%20and%20statistical%20power%20in%20psychology%20statistics&f=false

1. Discuss the importance of early relationship for developmental outcomes in the light of researches by Bowlby and Anisworth.
Topic mentioned in Morgan & Kings book in the chapter Development During Infancy and Childhood under the heading Social Development, sub-heading Attachment. Although it talks of researches by Bowlby and his colleagues. Barons book also mentions research by Bowlby. Ainsworths name is mentioned for just one time under Attachment in the chapter Social and Emotional Development: Forming Relationships with Others.

1. Compare template matching and feature detection accounts of pattern recognition.
Pattern detection is there in Barons book in the chapter on perception.
Question 3: Answer the following, each in not more than 400 words. 25+25

1. The discipline of psychology has grown and developed through debate between those who held that it should be modelled on natural science and those who subscribed to the view that it has to follow the model of social science. What arguments you envision for or against these views? What position you would like to endorse and why?
Topic directly from NCERTs Psychology textbook of class XI. Sufficient content to write 400 words.

1. Bring out the key developmental challenges faced by adolescents in the cognitive and social domains.
Present in standard Psychology book. Can be answered following NCERT, Morgan & King or Baron.
Question 4: Answer the following, each in not more than 250 words: 15+20+15

1. Why our representations of the external world are not entirely accurate?
Can be found in any standard book on psychology, the chapter is perception.

1. Describe and evaluate the modal model of short-term memory.
Atkinson and Shiffrin is called the modal model. Though Atkinson and Shiffrin model is elaborately discussed in Morgan & Kings book, it is nowhere mentioned that it is called the modal model.

1. Describe the basic elements of observation and bring out the implications of the dimension of participation in observational research.
There is an entire chapter devoted to Observation Method in e-gyankosh. It has sufficient content on Participant observation to write 250 words on the topic.
Question 5: Answer each in 150 words. 10 x 5 =50

1. What is the situational critique of trait psychology?
Can be answered from Mishras book on Psychology. Copy-pasting from the chapter on Personality
Our situations are dynamic in nature, and, therefore, if the situation varies the consistency of behavioural characteristics may also change. Such variations make the behavioural traits unstable or inconsistent.

1. Explain Sternbergs view of intelligence and bring out its implication for schooling.
Discussed in NCERTs textbook of Class XII.

1. Every function in the childs development appears twice : first on social level and later. on the individual level. Vygotsky. Discuss the above statement and indicate your own position on this proposition.
Have been discussed in NCERTs textbook of Class XI.

1. What are the process of language production?
Discussed in NCERTs textbook of Class XI.

1. How do novices differ from experts?
The difference with respect to language production can be answered from NCERTs textbook of Class XI.
Question 6: Answer the following, each in not more than 250 words :15+20+15

1. Bring out the role of left and right hemispheres in emotional experience.
Discussed in detail in Barons book on psychology. The topic is directly from syllabus: Physiological basis of emotion.

1. What is intrinsic motivation? Why it gets reduced if the person gets external rewind for undertaking a task that he or she loves?
Discussed in detail in Mishras book on psychology in the chapter on Motivation under the heading of Intrinsic and Extrinsic framework of Motivation.

1. Explain correspondence bias. Is it universal or culturally variable?
Directly from Barons book on psychology. The topic is mentioned explicitly in the syllabus: Theories of Attribution.
Question 7: Answer the following each in more than 400 words :25+25

1. What is the role of social categorization in the formation of prejudice? Suggest some strategies to reduce prejudice.
Social categorization in the origin of prejudice have been discussed in Barons book on psychology. The strategies to reduce prejudice is also there in the same chapter Social Thought and Social Behaviour.

1. How the psychoanalytic view differs from physiological or cognitive view of dream?
Psychoanalytic, physiological and cognitive views on sleep are discussed in Barons book on psychology in the chapter States of Consciousness.
Question 8: Answer the following. each in not more than 250 words: 15+20+15

1. What are the requirements to be met by psychological assessment tools for offering accurate and useful measure of psychological constructs?

2. What makes a persuasive attempt effective? Discuss.
From Barons book, the chapter is Social Thought and Social Behaviour.

1. Describe the Indian approach to personality as reflected in the principle of three Gunas.
Trigunas discussed in NCERTs textbook on psychology of class XII, in the chapter Self and Personality, under type approaches. The Indian approach to personality is explicitly mentioned in the syllabus.
PAPER-II
Again, similar structure like last year.
Now, the lists of books, materials and websites that will help in Psychology Paper-1:

1. NCERT Psychology Textbooks of classes XII.

2. Abnormal Psychology: Coleman

3. Educational Psychology: Mangal

4. Applied Psychology: Smarak Swain

5. E-gyankosh

6. www.numerons.in

7. List of important topics in Psychology by Ghamshyam Thori, IAS: http://www.scribd.com/doc/181922844/Chapterwise-Important-Topics-in-Psychology-pdf
Applied Psychology by Smarak Swain is the best book for Paper-II. All the topics are covered in sufficient detail. You can consult other books and materials as and when needed. Though personally I think this one book will suffice.
All the questions asked in this years question can be answered from this one book. So I am not doing a question-wise analysis here.
Wish you all the best for your endeavour!
-Swagata Tarafdar

Civil Services Reforms.

* Indias first modern civil service was given by Macaulay committee in 1854. It said patronage based system of the East India company be replaced by permanent Civil Service based on merit through competitive entry examinations.

* The report mode it very clear that first degree in arts at oxford or Cambridge University is imperative and ICS demands only the best of the nation.

* Between 1855 and 1878, more than two thirds who entered ICS were from above metioned Universities. Thus maintain elite flavor for the service. However since 1922, the Indian civil service Examination began to held in India.

* Though Indian Civil Services (ICS) started, Indian political leaders chose to retain British structure of a unified administrative system. Few lectures of the system were:


* Entry based on academic achievements.

* Training

* Permanency of tenure.

* Elite posts

* Handsome pay

* Pension plus other benefits.

* Promotions and transfers.

Civil Serives In India

All India Services (AIS) Central Civil Services State Civil Services
(i)Members serve both union (i) Central Civil Services (i) Members serve
and the state only the union only the states

Note:
The posts in the Union and the state governments arfe hierarchically arranged into four groups-Groups A to Group D

Article 312:
Constitution can empower the parliament to create the All India services in the national interest. For such a resolution to tbe moved by the Council of states in the parliament, it requires o special majority of two thirds of members present and voting. IAS and IPS are deemed to tbe created according to this article.
The key objectives in Creation of All India Service are:

* Preserving national unity and integrity and uniform standards of administration

* Neutrality and objectivity (non-political, secular, non-sectarian outlook)

* Competence and professionalism

* Integrity

* Idealism

Its design features are there

ExplicitImplicit Special Considerations.
(i)All India Character (i)Good remuneration and (i)promotion from
(centralized recruitmentservice condtionsstate services
& dual control)(ii) social status and (ii) Reservations.
(ii)Codre regulationprestige.
(iii)Officers work in center
and states
(iv)Meritocrotic recruitment
(v)career advancement on
Merit with dur regards
To seniority.
(vi)Protection against orbitory
(vii)low age at entry


* There were more than 50 committees and Commissions to look into transforming Civil Services and to set standards. The first Administrative Reforms commission set in January 1966, says (w.r.t. Civil Services):

(i)Need for specialization
(ii) Unified Grading nature.
(iii)Recruitment
(iv)Recruitment Agencies
(v)Training
(vi)Promotion
(vii)conduct and Discipline
(viii)Service Conditions.

The chronological order of Committes/commissions appointed after Independence writ Recruitment
1951 Report on Public Administration by A.D. Gorwala


1956 Dr A Romoswami Mudaliar Committee Report

1962 Report on Indian and state Administrative Service and Problems of District Administration by V.T. Krishnamachari.

1969: ARCs report on prsonel administration

1976: DS. Kothari committee Report.

1989: Satish Chandra Committee Report.


2001: Prof. Yoginder K. Alagh committee Report
2004:Hota committee Report.

Recommendations by above committee reports:

1. 1951: Recruitment to all grades of Government Services should be conducted in a manner which eliminates scope for patronage and suggested that this principle should also apply to temporary staff.

2. 1956 (i) Minimum qualification of University degree for higher services.
(ii) No cap on educational qualification for secretarial and ministerial services.
(iii)age limited for the highest executive and administrative services is 21-23 years

1. 1962: This report says recruitment to class I and class II services in the state governments and recommended that recruitments should be made annually.

2. 1969 (i) emphasis on proper planning of personnel and cadre managements
(ii) Recruitment to the IAS/IFS and other non technical class I services should be made only though a single competitive examination.
(iii) upper limit to take Civil Services competitive examinations raised to 26 years.
(iv) Direct recruitment to class II posts of section officers should be stopped & may be filled by promotion of Assistants.
(v)Recruitment to clerical and other secretarial posts should be through simple objective tests.
5. 1976: (i)two stage examination process-preliminary followed by a main examination
(ii) suggests changes in the training pattern for Civil Services.
6.1989: (i)employment on contract basis
(ii)Government employees should have the right to retain their lien for two years in case they wish to migrate to the private sector
7.2001: It says testing the candidates in a common subject rather than on optional subjects.
8.2004: (i)Introduction of aptitude and leadership tests for selection.
(ii)Probationers may be allowed one months time after commencement of training to exercise their option for services.

Commissions/comittes appointed w.r.t Training

1. The Report on public Administration by A.D. Gorwala, 1951
(i)Need for an adequate organization and methods.
(ii)Induction training.
(iii)Appointment of a Director of Training who shall closely monitor all aspects of training

2. The Report of Indian and state Administrative services and Problems of District Administration by V.T krishnamachari, 1962:
(i)Emphasis that state Civil Servic e officers should also undergo a structured training similar to that of IAS officers
(ii)Establishment of training institutes in states with the help of the National Academy of Adminstration (NAA)

3. The First ARC: (i) Formulation of a national policy on Civil Serivces training.
(ii)Creation of the Central Training Divison in the Department of Personal.
(iii)changes in the contents of foundation courses at NAA.

4.Yugandhar Committee, 2003 It emphasized on three mid-career training programmes in the 12th,28th &28th years of service. The training programme in the 12th years of Civil service should be for a minimum duration of 8 weeks consisting
5 weeks of academic content and 3 weeks of study, training and exposure visits to study best practices in India and abroad. The training programme in the 20th year of service should be for a duration of 12 weeks. The duration of training in the 28th year of service was not specified.

Committees/Commissions w.r.t Domail Expertise.

1. The First ARC
(I)Higher Civil service posts are classified into two pasts in the field and posts tat Head quarters.
(ii)The field posts were held by the members of the functional services which induded not only the various engineering services but also services such as accounts and income tax.
(iii)IAS should be converted into a functional service.

NOTE:
Only service that was not functional but occupied most of the higher posts in the civil services was the IAS.
(iv) ARC recommended eight brood areas of specialization.

* Economic Administration

* Industrial Administration

* Agricultural & Rural Development Administration.

* Social & Educational Administration

* Personnel Administration.

* Finance Administration

* Defence Administration & Internal security

* Planning.
The selection of personnel to the eight areas of specialization was to be made through a mid-carrer competitive examination.
Eligibility: All class I officers belonging to the All India and Central Services with experience of eight to twelve years in the functional area.

Selection process: A written exam administered by UPSC and on interview to tbe conducted by a committee consisting of the chairman, UPSC and two senior secretaries of the Government of India.

2.Surinder Nath Committee Report, 2003:
To assign particular domains to the officers should be a key stop for their selection to the Central staffing scheme posts. The Group suggested 11 domains.

(i)Agriculture and Rural Development
(ii)Social Sectors
(iii)Culture and Information
(iv)Natural Resources Management including Environment
(v)Energy and Environment.
(vi)Communication System and Connectivity by Infrastructure.
(vii)Public Finance & Finance Management.
(viii)Industry and Trade
(ix)Domestic affairs and Defence
(x)Housing and Urban affairs.
(xi)Personnnel & General Adminstration.
The Committee suggested that officers may be assigned to a maximum of three domains ot of eleven domains

3.Hota Committee Report, 2004
Domain assignment should be introduced for civil servants to encourage acquisition of skills, professional excellence and career planning. It has also recommended for posting of joint secretaries, Additional secretaries and secretaries should be carried out through domain assignment, competitive selection and matching of available skills with the job requirements.

Commissions/committees appointed w.r.t. Efficiency

1.Gopalaswam: Ayyangar Committee Report,1949
(i)Department should be identified with a Secretorys charge and a minister should be identified with a ministers charge.
(ii)abolition of separate grade of Additional Secretary.
(iii)Grouping of departments dealing with economic and social services into four bureaus.
(iv)Creation of an Organization and methods machinery.

2.AD Gorwala Committee Report, 1951
(i)Recommendation for greater understanding between ministers and civil servants.
(ii)Creation of an Organization and Methods machinery and whitley councils.
3.Appleby Report, 153
(i)Creation of Organisation and Methods machinery.
(ii)Insitute of Public Administration.
These two recommendations were implemented by Government.

4.First ARC
(i)Suitable awards to be given as incentives for timely completion of specific projects
(ii)Cash rewards for valuable Suggestions given for simplification of work

5.The Fifth Central Pay Commission, 2000
(i) Need to optimize the size of the government machinery.

6.The Expenditure reforms Commission, 2001
(i)Down Sizing of the government staff strength.
(ii)Reducing the increasing salary bill of the Government of India.

7.Hota Committee Report, 2004
(i)Use of ICT
(ii)e-governance.
(iii)Transformation in the process of decision making.

Commission/Committees w.r.t Accountability

1.santhanam Committee: (i)Constitution Central vigilance Commission and administrative vigilance divisions in all departments and major organizations of the govt.
(ii)Rules to govern conduct of Civil Services.
(iii)Changes in IPC.
(iv)On Completing 25 years of service or 50 years of age, a government servant may be retired without prescribing any reason, if the government thinks it fit.

2.The First ARC:
(i)Performace budgeting.
(ii)Establishment of two institutions Lok Pal & Lok Ayukta.

Lok Pal: An institution to deal with complaints against the administrative acts of minsters and Secretaries to the government at the center.

Lok Ayukta: An institution to deal with complaints against the administrative acts of ministers ans secretaries to the government at the state.



3.Hota Committee Report,2004:
(i)Amending cettain sections in the Prevention of corruption Act and code of Criminal procedure to protect honest civil servants.
(ii)Code of Ethics.
(iii)Each department should lay down and benchmark Services.
(iv)Public evaluation of performance.

Committees/Commissions appointed w.r.t Performance Appraisal:
1.The first ARC:
(i)Performance record be used instead of confidential Report.
(ii)The Civil Servant should document his/her entire work during a year and submit to higher/reporting officer and this should be part of performance record and graded accordingly.
(iii)three categories in performance report: fit for promotion out of turn, fit for promotion and not yet fit for promotion.
(iv)Only 5 to 10 percent of the Civil servants engaged in work of a similar nature and of the some level in any organization should be given the grade fit for promotion out of turn.
(v)Adverse remarks should not be communicated to the Civil servent.

Conclusion:
Though numerous Committees were appointed to revamp, there has been only petty changes in the system. It is still to be awaited to witness proper & shin gent Civil Service reforms for effective functioning of the nation.

Pramod Rao Errabelli

Be The Change That You Want To See In Others

Be The Change That You Want To See In Others
M.K. GANDHI

A Lady to Gandhiji: My child used to eat too much jaggery. Please scold him not to eat too much jaggery.
Gandhiji to lady: Bring your child after a week.
A week later, When the lady went to Gandhiji with her child, Gandhiji made her child to sat near to him and asked not to eat too much jaggery. It is injurious to your health. Then, Gandhiji asked her to took him back and assured her he would not take too much jaggery in the future.
Lady to Gandhiji: you could say this thing one week back also, then why now?
Gandhiji to lady: One week ago, I also used to took too much jaggery.
This small story of Gandhijis life is a significant demonstration of the Gandhis advocacy for
Be the change that you want to see in others.


Is this preaching of Gandhiji relevant in todays atmosphere? There are many areas where we advocate this preaching in paper but not in practice.
1.Corruption: There are many laws which deal with corruption, still corruption spread into the political and economic fabric of society. We, everyday ,campaign against corruption, demand strict punishment for a corrupt leader. Still, we used to pay big bribe to get a job, admission in a good school or college, to pass a exam etc.
JBT teachers Ghotala in Haryana , VVIP chopper deal scam, CWG scam Coal Scam etc are show that how badly we failed to practice this principle. Note that bribe giver is major offender than bribe taker.
2.Science and Technology: Today USA, along with other world leaders forcing Iran to stop its Nuclear weapon programme. Even USA, himself not only first made Weapons of Mass Destruction but also used them in WWII. At present he is the major holder of this Weapon.
Not only this, Isreal and USA threatened Syria to wage a war against her if she would not destroy her chemical stockpile.
A tug of war like situation is also going on in between developed and developing states on the issue of Climate Change. Natural Resources has been exploited to their near limit, still every country is blaming every other country for their exploitation. Instead of restraining themselves they are forcing others to restrain.
3. Womens Issues: Female infanticide, Dowry, Crime against women, Unequal treatment w.r.t. their male counterpart etc. are problems faced by women in India since ancient times. Earlier it was thought that with the spread of western education these problems can be get rid off. But we ignored that some of this problems were also prevalent in the so called western society. A mother engaged herself in the practice of female infanticide, demand for dowry, want for a male child etc. While doing so she perhaps forget that she is also a girl. Currently, Sex ratio in india is 940 and child sex ratio is even less 914, this shows how much we got modernized.
We got equal right for women in 1947 but we get our first woman president in 2007. Our Constitution through various articles like 14, 15, 16 etc enforces equal right of woman in every sphere but all this is in paper only.
Recently our so called social gurus found guilty of most heinous crimes against women. December 16 gang rape demonstrates how badly we protect our sisters, daughters and mothers.
4. Caste based violence: It is so much paradoxical that a party which always preached for muslims rights failed to protect them in its own state. Caste based violence is so much prevalent in India since British times so that it becomes a very nature of Indian society.
2013 Muzzafarnagar riots, 2002 Godhra riots, Violence in Gohana (Haryana) against dalits, 1984 Sikhs agitations etc. are demonstrate that how badly we failed to preserve India to so called a secular state in recent times.
Despite of having a absolute article against untouchability (Art 17) in our constitution, Untouchability still practices in many parts of the country.
Why this all things happen in India? Why we are not the change that we want? Why we failed to get a truly democratic and secular India that our forefathers hoped?
There are many reasons for this failure:

1. Vote Bank Politics: Votebank politics in India is very much prevalent. Parties based on caste had been set up. These parties bring little benefits for their people. Instead they got engaged in fulfilling their self interest. Even some parties fought elections bases on issues like building a temple.

2. Political Pressure: An IAS officer, Durga Shakti Nagpal got suspended because she tried to curb sand mafia. Even Politicans of the state said they are capable of ruling the state even without a single IAS officer in the state.
Political pressure now becomes a major obstacle for good officers to work.

3 Prejudices: A major prejudice in the mind of people is that the system is corrupt. So people says jaisa chalta h chalne de (it should be going on the way it is working). They not even try to be honest when they are going in public offices.
Instead of changing mindset of men they forced women not to get out of their home after 7 oclock, wear traditional sarees or suits etc.
What should be done?

1. People should change their mindset. Instead of thinking others corrupt they should make themselves honest. They should follow rules and regulations when dealing with a public office.

2. Children should be socialized from their homes and schools to respect women. They should not be allow to view any programme on TV which may have bad effect on them.
Different compartments for girls and boys in schools, college and workplace is not a solution rather they should allow to spend time together to understand each others problem, nature, views etc. Providing Protection to women is not sufficient as we have seen that after many steps taken by the government in wake of Dec 16 gang rape, many crimes against women still happened after that. What required is changing mindset of men. They should respect women as their mother, sister and daughter. Women should also be trained to protect themselves.

1. A major thing which is needed is awakening of masses. History demonstrates that only by awakening of masses we were able to bring a big change a India. After the Dec 16 incident awakening of masses shows that they are not going to tolerate any crime. A major feature of this awakening was that not only women but men also participated in it.
Anna Hazare led movement against corruption shows that Indian society has the capacity to bring a major change in India. It is not going to tolerate jaisa chalta hain chalne de.
A new party emerged from this movement called Aam Aadmi Party which shows considerable achievement in recent elections. All hope of the people is with this new party!


Name : Atul Tayal
Source:The Indian Express