IRRIGATION

* TANK

* WELLS

* CANAL
TANKS

* most feasible and widely practiced method

* Small in size built by raising bunds across seasonal streams.

* Excavated type in WB,ORISSA, BIHAR & mostly used for raising fishes beside irrigation

* Get silted up soon so need to be desilted

* High rate of evaporation and occupation of fertile land

* At many places dried up surface used for cultivation

* Most of the tanks are non perennial

* Karnataka , TN, AP, ORRISA, MAHARASHTRA have more area under tank irrigation.
WELLS

* most widely distributed source of irrigation.

* water from underground so possible in areas of low rainfall where adequate amount of GW is present
within the reach of small farmer

* the great plains, deltaic region of Krishna, Godavari, narmada, kaveri, Mahanadi and tapti

* large tracts of peninsula holds little sub surface water

* in some parts of Haryana ,Rajasthan , Gujarat, Punjab ground water is saline so not suitable for irrigation

* 41 % of the net irrigated area
CANAL

* principal source of irrigation

* 40% of the net irrigated area

* Require an adequate source of water supply, allow relief and an extensive command area

* Inundation canals are taken out of river without any regulating system at their heads ( to use flood water)

* Perennial canals take off from perennial rivers with a weir system (to regulate flow of water)

* In great plains canals take off from barrages, while in peninsula large dams and reservoirs necessary for taking off canals

* Half of the net canal irrigated area lie in UP, PUNJAB, HARYANA AND A.P


UTTAR PRADESHUpper and lower ganga canal, eastern Yamuna canal, sarda canal ramganga canal, betwa canal, agra canal

ANDHRA PRADESHCanal system taken off from Krishna, Godavari,Tungabhadra, dowlaiswaram anicut (Godavari delta), prakasam barrage(Krishna delta), penner canal,canals of nizamsagar,pochampad project, nagarjunsagar & Tungabhadra project (mainly irrigate rayalseema districts)

WEST BENGALDVC (hooghly), mayurakshi,kangsabati

TAMIL NADUdeltaic regions of tambraparni & kaveri, grand anicut, katalai high level canal, mettur canal system,lower bhawani project,manimuthar project(tambraparni)

BIHAREastern kosi canal, eastern gandak canal, son canal

RAJASTHANBikaner canal (satluj), ottu feeder(ghaggar), bhakra canal, Chambal project canals, rajasthan canal

M.PChambal project , barna project, tawa project canal

KARNATKATungabhadra project canals, malprabha project, ghatprabha project,bhadra project, visvesaraya canal (kaveri)(krishnaarjunsagar dam)

MAHARASHTRAMutha canal(khadakwasola reservoir),mula canal , upper Godavari canal, girna canal , nira canal, pravara canal,ghod and purna canal

ORISSACanals of Mahanadi (hirakund project)

KERALAMalampuzha canal, periyar canal, pamba canal



OTHER SOURCES OF IRRIGATION - irrigation from temporary dams called ahars & pynes, spring channels, direct lift from water channels.
*Great plains and east coastal lowlands have more area under irrigation than the uplands in the peninsular regions due to greater concentration of the sown area and availability of more surface and sub surface water.
NATIONAL WATER POLICY 2002

* emphasis on integrated water resource development.

* Management for optimal and sustainable utilization of water.

* Creation of well developed information system.

* Water conservation, participatory approach on water management

* Avg annual water availability of country -1869 billion cubic metre(bcm)

* Of which 1123 bcm usable of which 690 bcm surface water rest ground water

* In bhart nirman emphasis on extension renovation and modernization (ERM ) & repair renovation and restoration


Accelerated irrigation benefit programme

* To gave loan assistance to states to help in completion of major / medium irrigation project

* Central loan assistance scheme for surface minor irrigation schemes of north eastern states and other hilly states

* 25 % project grant for non special states and 30% for special states, drought prone tribal areas including.
Hydro project -2

* With world bank assistance in 13 states

* To promote the sustainable and effective use of hydrological information system(HIS)

COMMAND AREA DEVELOPMENT AND WATER MANAGEMENT

* to bridge the gap between irrigation potential created and utilized through micro level Infrastructure development for efficient water management and enhancement of agriculture production

* Assistance of 50:50 basis for construction activity and 75:25 basis for training activity

* Parcitipatory approach with water users association

* Minimum 10% contribution by the beneficiary in the cost of construction of field channels, reclamation of water logged area

* Flood management

* 45 mha flood prone area in the country

* By way of construction of embankment , drainage channels town protection works & providing raised platforms

* 100% central assistance to W.B ,Tripura, N.E states

* Flood management programme flood control, river management drainage development ,flood proofing, anti sea erosion works

* A network of flood forcasting and warning system established by central water commission in major river basins for flood forcast

* Advisory council on artificial recharge of ground water

* Implementation of 5000 farmers participatory action research programme

* Organization of national ground water congress

* Institute of ground water augmentation award and national water award

* Preparation of policy on use of ground water by industries

* FPARP technologies micro irrigation system (drip and sprinkler), water conservation(jalkund, storage tanks, check dams, recharging wells), crop diversification, system of rice intensification (SRI), in-situ soil moisture conservation, micro nutrient management

* Ministryof water resources constituted bhoomijal samvardhan puraskars- cash award of 1 lkh.
National water resource council

* Prime minister chairman, union minister of water resources vice chairman ,chief ministers of all states secretary (ministry of water resources)
Central water commission 3 technical wings

* Design and research wing

* Water planning and project wing

* River management wing

* 13 regional organizations to carry out techno-economic appraisal and economic aspects of irrigation, flood control and multipurpose project proposed by state government

* All work related to hydrological data

* Flood forcasting system

* To advise on basin wise development of water resources

* To advise and assist survey and investigate on designs and schemes on development of river valleys in respect of power generation , irrigation, flood management , environmental management, resettlement and rehabilitation, soil conservation, anti water logging measures, reclamation of alkaline and saline soils, drainage and drinking water supply

* To impart training on various aspects of water resource development

* Dam safety studies, promotion of modern data collection techniques such as remote sensing assessment of water erosion problems
Central soil and material research station

* Soil mechanics, rock mechanics, construction materials

* Soil dynamics, geotextile, soil chemistry, rock fill technology, drilling technology
Central water and power research station

* Khadakwasla, pune

* Hydraulic research

* River engineering, reservoir and appurtenant structures, coastal and offshore engineering, shiop hydrodynamics, hydraulic machinery, earth sciences, mathematic modeling
Central ground water board

* Disseminate technologies for scientific and sustainable development and management of india;s ground water resource including monitoring , assessment, exploration & augmentation

* RGI scheme provide training, setting up laboratories , r & d studies
Farraka barrage project

* For preservation and management of kolkata port(bhagirathi hoogly river system)
Bansagar control board

* On sone river

* M.P , U.P , bihar involved
Ganga flood control commission

* Headquartered at patna
Upper Yamuna board

* MoU between H.P, Haryana, U.P, rajasthan and nct delhi

* Allocation of available flow and also maintain the return flow

* Three storage project- renuka dam, Krishna dam, lakhwar vyas project
National water development agency

* National perspective plan (NPP) under national common minimum programme

* Transferring water from water surplus basin to water deficit basin by interlinking of rivers
two components

* 1. Himalya water development component

* 2 .peninsular rivers development component

* Main river links- ken betwa link (M.P, U.P involved)

* Parbati- kali sindh- Chambal link(M.P , rajasthan involved)

* PAR-TAPI NARMADA LINK and damangana panjal link (gujrat Maharashtra involved)

* Godavari- Krishna link (andhrapradesh involved)

* Mahanadi Godavari- Krishna- pennar kaveri- gundar link system -7 states involved

VIBHOR BACHCHAN

REF. 1. ECONOMIC AND COMMERCIAL GEOGRAPHY OF India BY SHARMA & COUTINHO.
2. India 2013.