India Pakistan Relations

India Pakistan Relations
This article starts from the past and comes to the present and how past and present have so far moulded Indias foreign policy towards Pakistan


* Pakistan was born out of M.A.Jinnahs Two nation theory

* Hindus and Muslims were two separate nations, and therefore two states must be constituted for the two communities.

* Pakistan foreign policy has been more on hostility towards India
Various issues that have played up between India & Pakistan
The Birth of Independence:

* The announcement that paramountcy would lapse and choice was given to the princes who ruled the state was most complicated problem that independent India faced on her Independence

* Sardar Patel, who was Home Minister in Nehru Cabinet, used his persuasive as well as coercive power to bring about merger of 567 of the native states with India.

* Five of the states decided to join Pakistan .Three of the states failed to take any decision.

* These were Junagarh ,Hyderabad and Jammu& Kashmir.

* The state of Junagarh ,in Kathiawad region, was ruled by a Muslim Nawab, but had a majority of Hindu population.

* He prolonged the decision on merger ,and finally chose to join Pakistan .Since Junagarh his surrounded by Indian territory

* Pakistan showed no interest

* India was forced to take military action in Junagarh .The Nawab fled to Pakistan

* Plebiscite was conducted which india won

* This was followed by Nizam of Hyderabad,who dreamt of a independent country and yet maintaining contacts with Pakistan

* The Nizam let loose Razakars, who were fundamentalists who attacked the population

* Finally operation Polo was launched and situation was brought under control
Kashmir Dispute

* Kashmir was called the heaven on earth but the hostile conditions between two nations has made it most affected since partition

* This northern state was populated predominantly by Muslims and was ruled by a Hindu Maharaja ,Hari Singh.

* Maharaja Hari Singh did not take any decision regarding state' s accession before ,or immediately after,August15,1947

* He planned to declare his kingdom Independent

* Pakistan started mounting pressure on him

* Prior to attack on Kashmir by Pakistan sponsored tribals Pakistani foreign official tried persuading him after the failure ,Pakistan sponsored tribesmen attacked Kashmir

* After this aggression by Pakistan Hari singh went in favour of accession to india

* India sent her troops, said after the aggression was vacated the wishes of the people would be ascertained on the question of accession.

* The Pakistani side disapproved the accession

* On January1 ,1948 India brought the matter to the notice of the United Nations Security Council under Article35 of the Charter .India sought UN assistance to have Pakistan-supported aggression vacated.

* Pakistan had installed a so-called Azad Kashmir Government in the territory occupied by the invaders .

* Even today Pakistan insists that the area under its control is independent orAzad Kashmir.

* During the pendency of the dispute in the Security Council,Liaquat Ali Khan,the Prime Minister of Pakistan ,announced that his government was willing to accept the proposal of plebiscite ,

* but stipulated certain conditions on which Azad Kashmir Government could be
persuaded to accept ceasefire.

* Liaquat Ali wanted withdrawal of Indian troops and immobilization of State'ssecurity forces,substitution of Sheikh Abdullah's government by a coalition including representatives of Azad Kashmir ,and then holding of plebiscite under international supervision .

* These conditions were totally unacceptable to India.

* Taking the issue to UN turned out to be one of gravest of mistakes by Nehru govt.

* After careful consideration, the Security Council appointed a three-member Commission on January20,1948

* The Commission had one nominee each of India and Pakistan and the third member was to be chosen by the two nominees.

* India nominated Czechoslovakia & Pakistan nominated Argentina as both could not agree on common member, USA was appointed for the post

* The Security Council added two more members ,Belgium and Colombia,

* The Commission was now called the United Nations Commission for India and Pakistan(UNCIP)

* The UNCIP submitted report which said

* Pakistan should withdraw its troops from Jammu &Kashmir as soon as possible after the ceasefire

* Pakistan should also try for withdrawal of Tribes men and Pakistan nationals who are not ordinary residents of Kashmir.

* The territory thus vacated by Pakistani troops should be administered By local officials under the supervision of the Commission

* India should also withdraw substantial strength of its troops

* Finally, pending a final agreement India should maintain only such limited troops as
should be essential for law and order.

* After initial reluctance ,Pakistan accepted these proposals and a ceasefire agreement was signed which was implemented by the two commanders on the Midnight of January1,1949.The war ended and a ceasefire became effective

* The ceasefire line now called the Line of Control was drawn where the fighting ended

* The region with Pakistan is called as Azad Kashmir

* The UNCIP recommended that the disagreements between the countries be brought before the Plebiscite Administrator which India refused the issue fell apart, the Administrator resigned
The McNaughton Plan

* General McNaughton was the was the President of Security council, he worked as an informal mediator

* Pakistan was in no mood to leave the land that it had transgressed on

* McNaughton proposed demilitarization of the complete region and a move towards plebiscite

* The plan did not make any mention between the aggressor and the victim, hence rejected by India
The Dixon Proposal

* After the failure of McNaughton plan, Sir Owen Dixon ,a judge of the High Court of Australia was assigned to look into the Kashmir issue

* He proposed complete demilitarization of the region,which india objected as india was in her territory and Pakistan being the aggressor in the case

* Dixon acknowledged indias contention of Pakistans violation yet kept both at same par

* Dixon proposed partition of Jammu & Kashmir along the cease fire line ,and yet he suggested plebiscite in the valley to determine its future.

* India opposed the proposal, Dixon suggested direct negations between two countries in the end
The Graham Mission

* Post failure of Dixon proposal again at the commonwealth confederacy held at London,it was proposed demilitarization of Kashmir which india opposed

* It also proposed holding of elections, constituent assembly elections.

* This proposal disturbed Pakistan

* Pakistan raised the issue in security council,The security council adopted join anglo American resolution proposing appointment of a mediator

* Accordingly,Dr Frank P.Graham of the United States was appointed

* Graham held discussion for demilitarization, which dragged on and no solution was at sight

* Admitting failure he proposed direct negotiations, as per grahams proposal of direct negotiations, both nations held talks and decided to hold plebiscite in 1954

* This could not go ahead as there was no common choice of common plebiscite administrator

* In 1957,UN representative Gunnar reported that the situation in JK was not supportive of plebiscite as so much has overtaken past events

* The Constituent Assembly of Jammu & Kashmir ,elected on the basis of adult franchise ,ratified the State's accession to India on February 6,1954

* A Constitution of the State was adapted on 19 November 1956 which declared Jammu & Kashmir to be an integral part of India

* With this the issue of ascertaining the wishes of the people was fulfilled ,India finalized the accession on jan 26,1957

* This from Indias point of view ended the issue if plebiscite
Sharing of River waters
Already explained by mrunal comprehensively
India Pakistan relations till 1965 War

* Pakistan joined the western block against the spread of Communism in reality it wanted to extract as much resources and forces against India by all possible means

* Joined western bloc in 1954 and signed military pact with USA , South East Asia Treaty Organisation (SEATO) and Baghdad Pact.

* Pakistan used USAs fight against communism and played up to its aid claiming if Kashmir issue was not resolved the spread of Communism to Kashmir was imminent

* Soon USA started giving military aid was given to Pakistan for the containment of Communism which later turned out be war in Afghanistan which has been discussed earlier in India Afghan section

* When Pakistan realized western bloc did not serve its purpose, moved close towards China both turned opportunistic friends post India china war of 1962

* When USA & Britain gave aids to India during the the indo china war Pakistan vehemently opposed it

* A joint statement Nov 1962 was issued by Nehru and Ayub Khan that disputes between India and Pakistan would be solved by dialogue

* But on the eve of Calcutta meeting with India, Pakistan transferred to China territories which India claimed right on proving Pakistans double speak

Dispute of Rann of Kutch

* Situated on Gujarat Sindh border-Pakistan claims right over the region

* India refuses, followed by armed clash in april 1965

* Pakistan crossed borders and took control of some parts of Kutch, the weapons used by Pakistan at this time was from USA aids

* Following the mediation by British PM Wilson, ceasefire took place and troops moved back to jan 1965 positions

* Was decided that the issue be placed before a three member tribunal of arbitrators

* The award came in 1968 which was 10% for Pakistan and 90% for India

* This order was criticized back in India but as the commitment was made in 1965 she decided to keep her promise
Indo Pak war 1965

* The Gamble that Pakistan took in Kutch was followed by the infiltration bid by Pakistan in Kashmir

* Pakistani army men in civilian were sent to infiltrate into Kashmir

* Earlier Pakistan had been sending feelers to Soviet Union of friendship between the two nations which Soviet union responded positively which disturbed India

* Indian PM Lal bahadur Shastri went to Soviet union to strengthen Indias ties more towards India with little success

* The infiltration bid was announced in Radio Pakistan as a fit by the Kashmiris against the State machinery while the infiltrators were inciting violence

* Radio Pakistan claimed the kashmiris revolted the airport had fallen and Srinagar was about to fall whereas the reality was otherwise

* The armed forces took up the matter foiled all the bids to destroy peace in Kashmir followed it with attacking infiltration camps capturing and sealing pass Hajipir pass which was used to enter India by infiltrators

* India requested UN general secretary U.Thant to ensure withdraw of infiltrators but Pakistan claimed innocence

* The disastrous failure of infiltrators lead to war on India, Pakistani Army crossed borders and attacked India, forcing her into war

* Pakistan again started demanding demilitarization and Plebiscite

* The war began with Bombing by Pakistan on Indian territories, India started pushing back Pakistani armed forces at this juncture China supported Pakistan making an ultimatum that India close her military base in Tibet Sikkim border

* When sign of Pakistani defeat was imminent Pakistan accepted ceasefire agreement

* India gained 750 square miles of Pakistani territory

* This enabled the armed forces to regain its confidence after the defeat in the hands of china

* But the land gained by India was returned back as Tashkent agreement brokered by Soviet Union PM Koysigin

* Soon Lal Bhadur shastri dies
Tashkent Agreement

* The Tashkent agreement was a peace deal brokered by Soviet Union

* The Pakistani side maintained the same demand of Kashmir which India called integral Part

* Both sides stood rigid finally the agreement was signed with the following points in it
1 .India and Pakistan would make all efforts to create good neighborly relations between themselves, and affirmed their obligations under the UN Charter not to resort to force ,but settle their disputes through peaceful means.
2.All armed personnel of India and Pakistan were to be with rawn latest by February25 ,1966 to the positions they held prior to August 5,1965. (There by India losing the territory She captured during the war)
3.The relations between India and Pakistan would be based on the principle of non-interference in the internal affairs of each other.
4.Both sides would discourage propaganda directed against each other, and encourage propaganda for promotion of friendly relations between the two .
5.Normal diplomatic activity was to be restored and the High Commissioners of India and Pakistan were to resume their duties.
6.Economic and trade relations,communication as well as cultural exchanges would be restored between India and Pakistan.

* Sooner than expected the Tashkent agreement was in shambles with increasing tensions between India and Pakistan due to various factors

* Pakistan tried to improve ties with Soviet Union to isolate India

* Signed treaties with china to transfer land to china which India claimed rights as disputed area

* The issue of Faraka barrage which invovled later became a contentious issue between India-Bangladesh relations

* At the height of soaring tensions India signed Indo-Soviet Treaty of Friendship and Cooperation

* byApril1971Soviet Union had abandoned the policy of simultaneous friendship with both India and Pakistan and

* Procured more and more arms from USA the final nail on the coffin was the Indo-Pak war of 1971 ,the liberation of Bangladesh which India won and East Pakistan was seceded from Pakistan which was followed by Shimla accord explained in India-Bangladesh relations earlier
Indo-Pak relations post Shimla agreement

* Pakistan kept raising the Kashmir issue again and again whereas forums with little success

* Indira Gandhi led government did nuclear test which was for peaceful purposes which again lead to soaring tensions

* With the fall of Indira government post emergency and under PM Moraji Desai,special focus was given to mending ties with various neibours

* Confidence building measures were taken with successful visit by Vajpayee

* Indias ties with Pakistan improved far better than the earlier times

* With re election of Indira Gandhi more steps were taken but Zia regime which held power through coup avoided such measures

* With this began a new turn of events, Pakistan after repeated defeats changed its approach from direct confrontation to promoting terror and destabilizing India ,particularly Kashmir which Pakistan was success in the earlier years

* The kidnap of Rubina Sayeed, the daughter of the then Union Minister Mufti Muhammad Sayeed lead to prolonged bargaining

* For about 7 years there was no elections, there was prolonged battle between the militants and the security forces

* Since 1991 J&K was unrepresented in Lok sabha,only after 1996 was election held in which Dr.Farooq Abdullahs National conference emerged victorious

* Steps taken by successive governments in India bore no fruit as both Zia led government and Bhuto led government had an approach of All or nothing which led to a diplomatic standstill

* On the other had Indias relation with China and USA improved greatly, thus adding more advantage on the Indian side
The Gujaral Doctrine

* The Gujaral doctrine was based on the PMs approach larger neighbor giving more"

* Acccording to this various confidence building measures were taken of which the notable ones being easing up of Passport norms free visas for journalists,students,Seniors citizens

* But the overtures from the Indian side were not reciprocated by the Pakistani side as they clung to Kashmir as the core issue and the tug of war continued
Post Nuclear Tests

* As India followed by Pakistan conducted nuclear tests,both countries were put under sanctions which lead to reduction tensions between two sides

* Under the leadership of then PM Atal Bihari Vajpayee,confidence building measures were taken under which bus between Delhi and Lahore was proposed

* The Bus diplomacy was seen as a new milestone, Vajpayee himself took the first trip but the same was reciprocated by the Pakistani side

* At formal official level both PMs signed the Lahore declaration
The Lahore Declaration and the Kargil war 1998

* The Lahore declaration was about peace between neighbours

* Not to interfere in internal matters of other countries

* Commitment to UN charter

* While Lahore declaration was signed Pakistani army and civilian dressed army personnel had intruded the Kargil sector transgressing 10km into Indian territory

* This lead to Operation vijay in which Indian forces flushed out the Pakistani forces and won the war

* While Pakistan claimed it to be Kashmiri freedom fighters nobody was ready to buy it and Pakistan was isolated in the international community

* This was followed by Military coup in Pakistan which Nawaz Sharif declared himself the Chief executive of Pakistan
Indias Second Gamble

* Despite opposition against speaking to a military ruler Vajpayee again tried to improve Indo-Pak relations which was called Agra talks 2001

* Agra talks failed as both sides could not come to agreement on draft declaration

* It got worse as Musharraf blamed India for 1971 war and raked up Kashmir

* Thus the declaration failed to cover ground

* Matters got worse with when 9/11 attack on twin towers by Al Qaeda terrorist group which stayed in Afghanistan as USA needed Pakistani help to sustain attack on Taliban

* Musarraf grabbed this opportunity

* This alliance solved the monetary and military support that Pakistan was in dire need of.
India Pakistan Stand off

* India Pakistan relation reached its worst phase when a group of Pakistan trained militants attacked the Parliament when in session

* An attempt was made to bomb the Kashmir secretariat all this snowballed into a state of war

* India recalled her high commissioner from Hyderabad and sent back Deputy high commissioner of Pakistan as it was found him involved in funding money to terrorists

* India mobilized troops in her borders(Operation Parakarm) which was responded by Pakistan

* Elections were held in J& K despite infiltration bids by Pakistan

Issues and Initiatives till date

* The Manmohan singh led UPA government has been rigorously trying to normalize ties between India and Pakistan

* This lead to popular Cricket diplomacy in which Manmohan invited Pakistan chief Musharraf to India on the lines of UN general assembly session

* Earlier ,a Srinagar-Muzaffarabad bus service was started (April 2005 ) to Link the capital of Jammu & Kashmir with the Pakistan Occupied Kashmir(POK) .

* A sudden turn of event occurred when Ex Pm of Pakistan in exile made statement that Musharraf was getting ready to deploy nuclear weapons on India which he was not aware of and was informed by Bill Clinton

* Keran sector in J&K has been in news for infiltration bid by Pakistan backed terrorist operations which was foiled by army after 15day operation

* The arrest of Abdul Karim Tunda ,Yasin Bhatkal has helped India in understanding various modules establish across India

* The modules are created using economic backwardness of youth and use of fake currency notes to fund them

* Earlier Pakistan had passed a resolution in Pakistans national assembly lead by JuD leader over hanging of Afzal guru and state of Kashmir

* India responded by passing a resolution stating not to interfere in Indian affairs

* Shahryar Khan, Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif's special envoy for improving relations with India, said Dawood was in Pakistan but has been "chased out" and could be in the United Arab Emirates.This after repeatedly claiming that Dawood was not in Pakistan later Pakistan went back on its word making a U turn

* In 2010 PMs of both nations at the SAARC meet decided to improve Indo Pak relations

* Follow up meetings were held by the two Foreign Ministers (Islamabad, July 2010), and the two Foreign Secretaries (Thimphu, February 2011).
During the latter meeting it was formally agreed to resume dialogue on all issues
(i) Counterterrorism & Humanitarian issues at Home Secretary level,
(ii) Economic issues at Commerce Secretary-level,
(iii) Tulbul Navigation Project at Water Resources Secretary-level,
(iv) Sir Creek at Surveyor General-level,
(v) Siachen at Defence Secretary-level, and
(vi) Peace & Security including Confidence Building Measures (CBMs),
(vii) Jammu & Kashmir and
(viii) Promotion of Friendly Exchanges at the level of the Foreign Secretaries.

* The main outcomes of the two rounds of resumed dialogue held between March 2011 and Sept 2012, were liberalization introduced in visa regime via a newVisa Agreement (finalized in Sep 2012 and operationalised in Dec 2012

* After two rounds of talks Pakistan chose new PM Nawaz Sharif

* Talking at Pakistan Journalist forum Nawaz Sharif said India and Pakistan should spend less defence budgets and focus to join hands and fight poverty



* In response to a request made by Pak PM Nawaz Sharif for assistance to tackle power crisis in Pakistan, the possibility of supplying gas by extending the Dadri-Bawana-Nangal pipeline from Jalandhar via Amritsar to Lahore is being explored

* The attack at LOC by Pakistani army became a eye sore in Indian relations India stopped the talks temporarily

* While India accorded Most Favoured Nation (MFN) status to Pakistan in 1996, Pakistan is yet to accord MFN status to India, even after the approval by its cabinet in December 2012.

* A Joint Judicial Committee on Prisoners comprising retired Judges from the higher judiciary of both countries has been constituted to look at humanitarian
issues related to Prisoners and Fishermen in each others jail.

* The Committee visited Jails in Karachi, Rawalpindi and Lahore from 26-30 April 2013.

* India-Pakistan bilateral trade in 2012-13 was $2.3 billion (Indian exports to Pakistan are $1.84 billion and imports from Pakistan are $ 513 million).

* Pakistan exports to India crossed $500 million mark for the first time during this period.

* On the lines of UNGA Nawaz sharif again raised the Kashmir dispute to which Manmohan Singh in his speech at the UN General Assembly to denounce Pakistan as the epicenter of terrorism.

* Indias President Pranab Mukherjee, on a foreign trip to Belgium, echoed these words,condemning Pakistan for failing to apprehend terrorists operating on its soil.

* Pakistan suffers from socerers apprentice problem, funding terrorists for its own needs who has turned against Pakistan now

Fake currency Notes

* Pakistan has been officially printing fake currency notes and pushing into Indian borders for terror funding

* Recent analysis by whereas intelligence wings proved Pakistans involvement in fake Indian currency notes (FICN)

* Most of the pivotal parameters of the paper like GSM (paper density measured in grammes per square metre), Wax Pick Quotient, and Poly Vinyl Alcohol and PH Values were found matching with the legal tender of Pakistan.

* The parliamentary panel was informed that the volume of FICN smuggled into India in 2010 was betweenRs.1,500 andRs.1,700 crore which went up toRs.2,500 crore in 2012 - a rise of 55 per cent.

source: http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/nia-fake-indian-currency-notes-pakistan/1/321768.html





Conclusion
The only future ahead for Indo-Pak relations is Pakistan giving up terror funding and making earnest efforts to improve relation with India through trade and other options




//Personal Opinion(do delete its if found unworthy)

* Manmohan Singhs approach towards Pakistan seems to be on the lines of Gujral doctrine but a modified version

* While earlier at the Moraji rule and Indira rule despite earnest efforts from Indian side the Pakistani side blatantly avoided peace as in case of Zia

* In the current condition it is to be observed that while the powerless civilian government tries to mend ties, the powerful military appears to dilute such efforts with help of trained terrorists or Loc violations

* The Nawaz sharif government should use the people given mandate to peace with India

* The assumption that if Civilian government if made strong in Pakistan could bear fruit too could be a mirage, It should handle Pakistan both on civilian and military lines with atmost caution as peace in Afghanistan which is essential for peace in asia depends

* India has other pressing issues of International front with a ever assertive China growing stronger

* India must use Afghanistan to leverage advantage against Pakistan as China does with India and focus more on China.//End

Aditya RaviChandran
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