Saturday, July 21, 2018

Maths Tricks in Hindi PDF - गणित शॉर्टकट ट्रिक्स ssc , बैंक , रेलवे परीक्षा के लिए

गणित शॉर्टकट ट्रिक्स ssc , बैंक , रेलवे परीक्षा के लिए
Download karein SSC Maths Tricks in Hindi.

Sample yahaan dekhein - FREE SAMPLE


Is PDF me aapko milega :
350+ Solved Questions
220 Pages
Short Cut Tricks Explained
Coaching Class Notes For Maths Tricks
Only Upto-date Maths Tricks in Hindi PDF.
क्या आपको maths के सवाल हल करने में बहुत टाइम लगता है ?
क्या maths के कारण आप हर बार सरकारी नौकरी के exams में रह जाते हैं ?
अगर आपका ज़वाब हाँ है तो अभी download करें इस किताब को|

ये नोट्स दिल्ली - अल्लाहाबाद - पटना के सबसे बेहतरीन कोचिंग institutes की teachers द्वारा बनाया गया है |
एक से एक shortcut tricks हैं , जो आपको ना किसी क़िताब में मिलेगा, न कोई बताएगा |
केवल 99 रुपये में आज ही इसी डाउनलोड करें और अगले exam में खुद रिजल्ट देखें |
हज़ारो स्टूडेंट्स ने इसे पढ़ कर maths में अपना score बढ़ाया है|
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Thursday, February 25, 2016

Download History & Geography Notes For UPSC - CDS, CAPF Assistant Commandant & IAS and other Civil Services Exam

Download Study Notes For UPSC Exams - CDS, CAPF Assistant Commandant and IAS Exam
Subjects Covered - History & Geography
Topics Covered :
- Agrarian Structure of Indian society through the lenses of land reforms
till date
- America's Energy Independence
- COAL BASED METHANE (CBM)
- Critically Endangered Species of Animals
- CONSERVATION, ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION AND DEGRADATION,
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT
- Biosphere, Ecosystem and Biomes of the world
- Tribes in India
- POLAR VORTEX: WHAT IS IT? WHAT HAPPENED IN USA?
- Climate Change
- ROLE OF NGO’S, COMMUNITY ORGANISATIONS & MEDIA IN DISASTER
MANAGEMENT
- Future of Energy - Shale gas, Thorium & Solar Energy
- Geothermal Energy: Potential, Barriers and the way forward: Where
does India Stand?
- Shale Gas : Is It A Viable Source Of Energy For India
- Global Dimming
- Indian Standard Time, recent debates
- Changing Time
- POISONED BY MERCURY : Mercury Pollution
- Clouds , Ocean Currents , Cyclone Phalin, Helen and Typhoon Haiyan
- Disaster Management
- EARTHQUAKE,TSUNAMI,VOLCANO,CYCLONES
- ENERGY Sectors of India
- Distribution of non-metallic minerals and energy resources
- Disaster Management: Making Invisible Visible
- ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT
- BIODIVERSITY
- Clouds
- Crisis management – From 2nd ARC
- Distribution of key natural resources across world (including
South Asia and Indian)
- EIA of Natural Gas-Based Power Plant in Tamil Nadu
- Wetland and its conservation
- MAJOR CROPS CROPPING PATTERNS IN VARIOUS PARTS OF THE
COUNTRY
- Agriculture – Some Challenges in Modern India
- Economics of animal-rearing
- DIFFERENT TYPES OF IRRIGATION
- LAND REFORMS IN INDIA
- Water-Shed development
- ASCENDANCY OF THE BRITISH
- Marathas(Peshwas) and brief introduction to Modern
India
- ANCIENT HISTORY – Quick Revision Notes
- India philosophy and heterodox sects in ancient India
- INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS IN MODERN WORLD ERA
(1914-1955)
- Consequences of British Tenure systems
- Foreign travellers in ancient & Medieval india
- POLITICAL HISTORY NOTES–POST INDEPENDENCE
- Major reform movements and reformers
- Important Dynasties of Ancient India
- India After Independence – Complete
- INTEGRATION OF PRINCELY STATES
- Nazism , Fascism & Vietnam War
- French revolution
- MUGHALS RULE IN INDIA
- Major Political Philosophies and their effect on
Society [ Capitalism, socialism, communism ]
Download PDF Notes for Assistant Commandant Exam and UPSC Civil Services IAS , CDS Study Notes in pdf.

Friday, November 28, 2014

Download Territorial Army previous Year Question Papers



Download Indian Territorial Army Previous Year Question Papers of 2012, 2013 , 2014 in PDF Format.
  • 5 Original TA Preliminary Question Papers Included. No Solution is Provided.
  • Both Section 1 and Section 2 Questions Included Section 1- General English Part I –Essay in English Part II- Short Answers in English Section II consists of Objective Type questions
  • Recommended Best Books for Indian Territorial Army Commission ( only book name )
  • Territorial Army Feb 2015 Notifications in PDF
  • Territorial Army Feb 2015 Applicaiton Form for Download
  • 400 Page TA Regulations Book Included
  • Link to Download Territorial Army Colorful Pamphlet Provided
Visit - http://imojo.in/pse1m

Wednesday, September 17, 2014

SSC CGL 2014 - Exam Pattern, Syllabus, Best books for Preparation

taff Selection Commission (SSC) holds Combined Graduate Level Examination (CGL) for recruitment to different posts in Group B and Group C. The Examination will comprise of two Tiers of Written Objective Type examination followed by Computer Proficiency Test/Interview/Skill test, wherever applicable as per the Scheme of Examination and a descriptive/on-line test of qualifying nature for candidates shortlisted for interview/skill test/document verification. Posts have been placed in two groups, based on their Grade Pay and papers in Tier II examination/Interview.
Name of posts for which recruitment process of SSC CGL is conducted are-
– Inspector of Income Tax/ Inspector (Central Excise)/ Inspector (Preventive Officer)/ Inspector (Examiner)/ Inspector of Posts/ Assistant Enforcement Officer/Inspector (CBN) Compiler/ Divisional Accountant/ Auditors/ UDCs /Tax Assistants/ Junior Accountant & Accountant /Sub-Inspector (CBN)
– Statistical Investigator Gr.II
– Assistant/Sub Inspector in CBI

SCHEME OF THE EXAMINATION FOR SSC COMBINED GRADUATE LEVEL EXAMINATION: The Examination will be conducted in three tiers as indicated below:

Tier-I — Written Examination (Objective Multiple Choice Type)
Tier-II – Written Examination (Objective Multiple Choice Type)
Tier-III –Personality Test cum Interview/Computer Proficiency Test/Skill Test(wherever applicable)/Document Verification & Descriptive /on-line test of qualifying nature.

SSC Combined Graduate Level Eligibility Criteria: Candidates must fulfill following eligibility criteria to apply for SSC CGL posts-

Age Limit: Candidate must be between the age of 18 to 27 years at the time of applying.
Education Qualification:Candidate must minimum qualified as a graduate from a recognized University at the time of applying.

SSC Combined Graduate Level (Tier-I) Examination Pattern: Tier–I of the Combined Graduate level Examination will be common for all categories of posts.
PartSubjectNo.of QuestionsMax. MarksTime Allotted
AGeneral Intelligence & Reasoning5050


120 Minutes( 2hrs )
BGeneral Awareness5050
CQuantitative Aptitude5050
DEnglish Comprehension5050
Note:- The questions in Posts A,B & D will be of a level commensurate with the Essential Qualification viz graduation and questions in Part C will be of 10th standard level.
– Questions will be of Objective Type Multiple Choice, set both in Hindi and English in respect of Parts A, B and C.

SSC Combined Graduate Level (Tier-II) Examination Pattern: Tier-II of the Combined Graduate Level Examination-2013 will be of Objective Type Multiple Choice and will be conducted over a period of two days.
PaperSubjectNo.of QuestionsMax. MarksTime Allotted
IQuantitative Abilities1002002 Hours and 40 Min.
IIEnglish Language & Comprehension1002002 Hours and 40 Min.
IIIStatistics1002002 Hours and 40 Min.
NOTE: Paper-I & II are compulsory for all the categories of posts.Paper-III is only for those candidates who apply for the post of Statistical Investigator Gr.II & Compiler.
– Questions in Paper-I will be of 10th standard level, Paper-II of 10+2 level and Paper-III of graduation level.

SSC Combined Graduate Level Personality Test / Interview: For posts for which Interview cum Personality Test is prescribed, the Personality Test / interview will carry a maximum of 100 marks.
Some of the books which can help candidates to prepare for SSC Combined Graduate Level Exam (Tier 1 and 2) are suggested as below-
Books For SSC CGL Examination Tier 1 and 2 Preparation :

And for SSC CGL Exam Solved Papers and practice set you can buy :

These books consists of all the related topics at one place.
SSC CGL (Tier-I) Examination Syllabus:
A. General Intelligence & Reasoning: It would include questions of both verbal and non-verbal type. This component may include questions on analogies, similarities and differences, space visualization, spatial orientation, problem solving, analysis, judgement, decision making, visual memory, discrimination, observation, relationship concepts, arithmetical reasoning and figural classification, arithmetic number series, non-verbal series, coding and decoding, statement conclusion, syllogistic reasoning etc. The topics are, Semantic Analogy, Symbolic/Number
Analogy, Figural Analogy, Semantic Classification, Symbolic/Number Classification, Figural Classification, Semantic Series, Number Series, Figural Series, Problem Solving, Word Building, Coding & De-coding, Numerical Operations, symbolic Operations, Trends, Space Orientation, Space Visualization, Venn Diagrams, Drawing inferences, Punched hole/pattern–folding & un-folding, Figural Pattern– folding and completion, Indexing, Address matching, Date & city matching, Classification of centre codes/roll numbers, Small & Capital letters/numbers coding, decoding and classification, Embedded Figures, Critical thinking, Emotional Intelligence, Social Intelligence, Other sub-topics, if any.

B. General Awareness: Questions in this component will be aimed at testing the candidates general awareness of the environment around him and its application to society. Questions will also be designed to test knowledge of current events and of such matters of every day ob servations and experience in their scientific aspect as may be expected of any educated person. The test will also include questions relating to India and its neighboring countries especially pertaining History, Culture, Geography, Economic Scene, Gen
eral Policy & Scientific Research.

C. Quantitative Aptitude : The questions will be designed to test the ability of appropriate use of numbers and number sense of the candidate. The scope of the test will be computation of whole numbers, decimals ,fractions and relationships between numbers, Percentage. Ratio & Proportion,Square roots, Averages, Interest, Profit and Loss, Discount, Partnership Business, Mixture and Alligation, Time and distance, Time & Work, Basic algebraic identities of School Algebra & Elementary surds, Graphs of Linear Equations, Triangle and its various kinds of centres, Congruence and similarity of triangles, Circle and its chords, tangents, angles subtended by chords of acircle, common tangents to two or more circles, Triangle, Quadrilaterals, Regular Polygons , Circle, Right Prism, Right Circular Cone, Right Circular Cylinder, Sphere, Hemispheres, Rectangular Parallelepiped, Regular Right Pyramid with triangular or square base, Trigonometric ratio, Degree and Radian Measures, Standard Identities, Complementary angles, Heights and Distances, Histogram, Frequency polygon, Bar diagram & Pie chart.
D. English Comprehension: Candidates’ ability to understand correct English, his basic comprehension and writing ability, etc. would be tested.
SSC CGL (Tier-II) Examination Syllabus:
Paper-I: Quantitative Ability: The questions will be designed to test the ability of appropriate use of numbers and number
sense of the candidate. The scope of the test will be the computation of whole numbers, decimals ,fractions and relationships between numbers, Percentage. Ratio & Proportion,Square roots, Averages, Interest, Profit and Loss, Discount, Partnership Business, Mixture and Alligation, Time and distance, Time & Work, Basic algebraic identities of School Algebra & Elementary surds, Graphs of Linear Equations, Triangle and its various kinds of centers, Congruence and similarity of triangles, Circle and its chords, tangents, angles subtended by chords of a circle, common tangents to two or more circles, Triangle, Quadrilaterals, Regular Polygons , Circle, Right Prism, Right Circular Cone, Right Circular Cylinder, Sphere, Hemispheres, Rectangular Parallelepiped, Regular Right Pyramid with triangular or square base, Trigonometric ratio, Degree and Radian Measures, Standard Identities,Complementary angles, Heights and Distances, Histogram, Frequency polygon, Bar diagram & Pie chart.

Paper-II: English Language & Compression: Questions in this components will be designed to test the candidate’s understanding and knowledge of English Language and will be based on spot the error, fill in the blanks, synonyms, antonyms, spelling/detecting mis-spelt words, idioms & phrases, one word substitution, improvement of sentences, active/passive voice of verbs, conversion into direct/indirect narration, shuffling of sentence parts, shuffling of sentences in a passage, cloze passage & comprehension passage.
Paper-III: Statistics for Investigator Grade-II, Ministry of Statistics & Programme Implementation & Compiler in RGI.
Collection Classification and Presentation of Statistical Data– Primary and Secondary data, Methods of data collection; Tabulation of data; Graphs and charts; Frequency distributions; Diagrammatic presentation of frequency distributions.

Measures of Central Tendency- Common measures of central tendency–mean median and mode; Partition values- quartiles, deciles, percentiles.
Measures of Dispersion- Common measures dispersion– range, quartile deviations, mean deviation and standard deviation; Measures of relative dispersion. Moments, Skewness and Kurtosis–Different types of moments and their relationship; meaning of skewness and kurtosis; different measures of skewness and kurtosis.
Correlation and Regression– Scatter diagram; simple correlation coefficient; simple regression lines; Spearman’s rank correlation; Measures of association of attributes; Multiple regression; Multiple and partial correlation (For three variables only).
Probability Theory– Meaning of probability; Different definitions of probability; Conditional probability; Compound probability; Independent events; Bayes’ theorem.
Random Variable and Probability Distributions– Random variable; Probability functions; Expectation and Variance of a random variable; Higher moments of a random variable; Binomial , Poisson, Normal and Exponential distributions; Joint distribution of two random variable (discrete).
Sampling Theory– Concept of population and sample; Parameter and statistic, Sampling and non- sampling errors; Probability and non-probability sampling techniques(simple random sampling, stratified sampling, multistage sampling, multiphase sampling, cluster sampling, systematic sampling, purposive sampling,convenience sampling and quota sampling); Sampling distribution(statement only); Sample size decisions.
Statistical Inference- Point estimation and interval estimation, Properties of a good estimator, Methods of estimation (Moments method, Maximum likelihood method, Least squares method), Testing of hypothesis, Basic concept of testing, Small sample and large sample tests, Tests based on Z, t, Chi-square and F statistic, Confidence intervals.
Analysis of Variance- Analysis of one – way classified data and two-way classified data.
Time Series Analysis- Components of time series, Determinations of trend component by different methods, Measurement of seasonal variation by different methods.
Index Numbers - Meaning of Index Numbers, Problems in the construction of index numbers, Types of index number, Different formulae, Base shifting and splicing of index numbers, Cost of living Index Numbers, Uses of Index Numbers.

Monday, August 25, 2014

UPSC Civil Services Exam 2014 Prelims - CSAT and GK Questions and Ansewr key

UPSC had conducted Civil service and Forest service (combined) preliminary exam aka CSAT-2014, on 24th August 2014. Here are the scanned copies of Booklet no.”C” for both papers:
  1. Download CSAT-2014 General studies Paper
  2. Download CSAT-2014 Aptitude Paper
UPSC Civil Services preliminary exam (prelims) was successfully conducted on Sunday 24th August 2014. UPSC Civil Services Prelims unofficial Answer Key with question paper for Paper-I and Paper-II will be uploaded at popular education websites eenadupratibha.net, sakshieducation.com and various coaching institutes at 5 PM to day, Official Answer Key will be available within 2 or 3 days at upsc.gov.in. As per latest news Supreme Court refused the postponement. Supreme Court (SC) statement declared 9 million (9 Lakhs)people are ready and wiling to take Civil Services Prelim examination at the last moment to postpone the unpredictable. Civil Services Preliminary Exam also known as Civil Services Aptitude Test (CSAT)

UPSC Civil Services IAS IFS Answer Key Paper I, Paper II
UPSC conducting Civil Services Preliminary (Prelims) examination for appointing 1291 vacancies of IAS (Indian Administrative Services) and IFS (Indian Forest Services) officers. Civil Services (Prelim) examination held 2 shifts on 24-08-2014 Paper-I contained 200 marks and Paper-II 200 contained. Candidates can be accessed UPSC Civil Services Answer Key/Answer Sheet/Solution Paper with series of Set A, Set B, Set C and Set D or Book let Series A, B, C, D in pdf formant.

Paper-I
Time: 9:30 am to 11:30 am (Duration 2 hrs)
Marks: 200

Paper-II
Time: 2:30 pm to 4:30 pm (Duration 2 hrs)
Marks: 200

UPSC Civil Services Prelims Merit List Results for Main Examination 
UPSC Civil Services Preliminary Final merit list and Results will be declared/prepared by UPSC for Civil Services (Main) Written Examination using the aggregate marks secured in Paper 1 out of 200 marks and marks obtained in Paper 2 out of 200 marks minus the maximum marks allocated to the questions on English Language Comprehension skills (i.e. those questions in Paper-II for which Hindi translation has not been given). For checking UPSC Civil Services Prelims Results, Merit List and Cut off marks (list) access main web portal upsc.gov.in and check under What’s New you will get latest upsc news.

List of Educational Institutes Provide Un Official Answer Key for UPSC Civil Services Prelims Paper-I, Paper-II Answer Key
  • Raus IAS Study Circle
  • Indian IAS Academy
  • Brilliant Tutorials
  • Chanakya IAS Institute
  • Analog IAS Institute
  • Royal IAS Academy
  • Achievers IAS Classes
  • Sankalp IAS Forum
  • Elite Academy
  • Ujjwal IAS academy
UPSC Civil Services Preliminary Exam Paper-I Answer Key with Question Paper at Eenadupratibha: Click here

UPSC Civil Services Preliminary Exam Paper-II Answer Key with Question Paper at Eenadupratibha: Click here 
UPSC Civil Services Prelims Question Paper for Paper-I at Sakshieducation:Click here 
UPSC Civil Services Prelims Answer Key for Paper-I at Sakshieducation :Click here

UPSC Civil Services Prelims Question Paper for Paper-II at Sakshieducation : Click here 
UPSC Civil Services Prelims Answer Key for Paper-II at Sakshieducation :Click here 
UPSC Civil Services Preliminary Exam Official Answer Key for Paper 1 and Paper 2 at Main web site Link 1: Click here (Available soon)
UPSC Civil Services Preliminary Exam Official Answer Key for Paper 1 and Paper 2 at Main web site Link 2: Click here (Available soon)
UPSC Civil Services Prelims Results and Merit list for Qualifying Main Exam:Click here (available after results)

[Download] CSAT-2014 Question Papers, High quality PDFs with searchable copy-able TEXT


Download the Question paper of General Studies Paper – 1 of UPSC Civil Services Preliminary exam held on August 24, 2014.

DOWNLOAD

Civil Services Prelims 2014 Question Papers (Paper I GS and Paper II CSAT) with Key

Download UPSC Civil Services Prelims Answer Key 2014 CSAT Merit List Results for Main Exam


, ias prelims 2014 question paper, ias upsc 2014 question paper, upsc 2014 question paper, 

Tuesday, January 21, 2014

Public private partnership (PPP): Definition, benefits, pre requisites and demerits

Public private partnership (PPP): Definition, benefits, pre requisites and demerits

Infrastructure is the lifeline of an economy and the major sectors that comprise of infrastructure are transportation, power, energy and communication.
So when we say good infrastructure we mean :
Efficient public transport – that links all cities of the nation.  Ensures safe, affordable and quick commute; Availability of adequate power and energy for all industrial and domestic use etc.
For building an excellent infrastructure , we require:
a.       Massive investment
b.      Managerial efficiency
c.       Technological competency etc
And the above mixture could be rightfully gained by encouraging both public and private players work mutually. The ppp model was started in oecd  countries. Reliance on ppp rose in 1990s and UK had the maximum no of  projects under this. Ppp have been include in the legislation of UK, USA and industrial policies of France, Italy, Netherlands etc.
Ppp’s can be distinguished on the basis of the stages in which partnership can be entered into:
1.      BOT: Build, operate, transfer
2.      BOO: Build, own, operate
3.      BOOT: Build, own, operate and transfer
4.      DBFO: Design, build, finance and operate
Looking at the benefits,  India opened the doors for private participation in infrastructure in the early 1990s, as part of a wider economic liberalisation effort. 
But ppp has to be clearly defined because just by saying it is  a collaboration of public and private there is a lot of ambiguity. Ppps need to be given relaxations and financial support in order to make it prosper. Thus a definition is vital.
The official definition of ppp can be broken into the following essential parts :
1.      Arrangement of govt entity with Private Sector Entity  to provide
2.      Public asset or service for public benefit through
3.      Investments being made by and/or management undertaken by the private sector entity (this  allows projects of both with investment and without investment)
4.      Operations or management for a specified period (this means the agreement with the pvt entity comes to an end after a period)
5.      Substantial risk sharing with the private sector (this differentiates it from mere outsourcing contracts)
6.      Performance linked payments
7.      Conformance to performance standards.

How does the govt extend support ?

Ø  The Cabinet Committee on Economic Affairs (CCEA) in its meeting of 27th October, 2005 approved the procedure for approval of public private partnership (PPP) projects, a Public Private Partnership Approval Committee (PPPAC) was set up
Ø  The Committee would be serviced by the Department of Economic Affairs, who has set-up a special cell for servicing such proposals
Ø  But many a times providing public services become commercially unviable and unattractive to pvt players thus The Scheme for Financial Support to Public Private Partnerships (PPPs) in Infrastructure. (Viability Gap Funding Scheme) of the Government of India provides financial support in the form of  grants, one time or deferred, to infrastructure projects undertaken through public private partnerships with a view to make them commercially viable. 
Ø  Then there is ‘India Infrastructure Project Development Fund’ (IIPDF), have been notified The IIPDF would assist ordinarily up to 75% of the project development expenses. On successful completion of the bidding process, the project development expenditure would be recovered from the successful bidder.
Ø  The total Viability Gap Funding under this scheme will not exceed twenty percent of the Total Project Cost; provided that the Government or statutory entity that owns the project may, if it so decides, provide additional grants out of its budget, but not exceeding a further twenty percent of the Total Project Cost.
VGF under this scheme will normally be in the form of a capital grant at the stage of project construction.
Implementation comes with Constraints:
  • Financial liability of the projects. ( our financial markets cannot undertake such long term equity)
  • Hindrances during the life of a project due to bottlenecks in procedures.
  • Diversified projects require skilled man power in various diverse fields
  • Lack of credibility of bankable infrastructure projects used for financing the private sector.
  • Managing all the stakeholders of the projects
Despite constraints we have world-class facilities and ambience that greet us when we go through airports atDelhi, Mumbai, Bangalore or Hyderabad.  Several goods and services are now being delivered more cost-effectively, thanks to better infrastructure networks or gateways, having a substantial degree of private participation. 
Pre requisites
In order to provide to come with successful projects several initiatives have been undertaken by Government of India:
1.      It created  PPP framework in order to eradicate the above mentioned constraints.
2.       Various foreign as well as private investments by waving off charges are encouraged.
3.       Framing of standardized contractual documents for laying down the terminologies related to risks, liabilities and performance standards have been devised.
4.      Approval schemes for PPPs in the central sector has been streamlined through Public private partnership appraisal committee or PPPAC.
5.       A website has been launched for the purpose of virtual PPP market serves as an online database for PPP projects. 
The below given diagram depicts the workflow of ppp in India.
1.      The left hand side blocks refer to the process of the ppp projects which start with project identification, moves to screening report, getting an approval from the authority, scanning internal and external environment, developing a contractual agreement and the bidding process. At the end of bidding a pvt entity is selected and the agreement signed. Thereafter execution of project and financing.
2.      The right hand side indicated the involvement of ministry of finance at different stages of the process.
Planets

Failures:
It is not just a success story everywhere, there are grave failures as such :
1.      The Vadodara-Halol Toll project suffered due to mistaken traffic projections, due to which proposed government incentives were stripped off from the project, thereby raising both policy and revenue risks for the involved parties.
2.      The Delhi-Gurgaon expressway was a victim of mammoth red-tapism where the lack of coordination of more than 15 civic bodies whose approvals were necessary came out in the open in the shabbiest manner possible.
3.      In the same lines, the Karnataka Urban Water Supply Improvements project suffered due to continued lack of proper coordination between three bodies associated with the project. 
4.      The Delhi Airport Metro Express was shutdown for 6 months when its operator Reliance Infrastructure pointed out cracks that had developed on its metro pillar structures. Then followed the typical blame game with the involved parties blaming each other for the faults. So much so that Reliance even went on to claim damages for losses incurred due to the closure of the project. Delhi Metro authorities also claimed that they had had to ‘reject’ an offer from Reliance to quit the whole project due to “financial non-viability
Demerits/ challenges:
The reasons for above failures can be stated as red tapism, corruption, non transparent processes etc.
Apart from these there are certain challenges that the ministry feels it is facing:
1.      Our ppps are basically built for those who can pay for the services. Ex; airports, national highways but our ppps have to become responsive and successful in sectors such as education, health, skill development, rural infrastructure and job creation, mass housing and so on.
2.      Deteriorating infrastructure after service. Our urban services such as roads are in poor condition due to increasing population and usage.
By Soni Rachel Oommen
References:
1.      Indian Economy by Ramesh Singh
2.      www.pppindiadatabase.com